Invisible Wounds of War: Psychological and Cognitive Injuries, Their Consequences, and Services to Assist Recovery

Since October 2001, approximately 1.64 million U.S. troops have been deployed for Operations Enduring Freedom and Iraqi Freedom (OEF/OIF) in Afghanistan and Iraq. Early evidence suggests that the psychological toll of these deployments-many involving prolonged exposure to combat-related stress over multiple rotations-may be disproportionately high compared with the physical injuries of combat. The study discussed in this monograph focuses on post-traumatic stress disorder, major depression, and …