Meet Stan, Patch the dog, and Little Red Tractor and read about their busy lives on Gosling Farm.

Stan and Little Red Tractor are taking sacks of wheat to Stumpy's Mill for grinding into flour. Then Stan spies a kitten stuck on one of the windmill's sails. He rescues her, but only after his world has turned upside down!

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Peter Geoffrey Tye: A Hampshire boy, who grew up in the rural community of Hartley Wespall, joined the Royal Navy at the age of fifteen and completed eight years service. Peter then embarked on a marketing career which led to copy writing and in 1977, the setting up of his own business from number 87 Fleet Street. From his 4th floor office he looked at the Daily Express building at the front, over St. Bride’s churchyard at the rear, and provided a business writing service to blue chip companies in the City of London.

Peter’s involvement with children’s entertainment began in 1993, when he produced Colin Reeder’s Little Red Tractor Stories for video and following Colin’s untimely death, wrote new Little Red Tractor stories for TV and book publication.

Peter Tye lives in Norfolk where he is an enthusiastic, if very average golfer, and enjoys sailing his Yeoman dingy on The Broads.

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Over the past few years, Brianna Wiest has gained renown for her deeply moving, philosophical writing. This new compilation of her published work features pieces on why you should pursue purpose over passion, embrace negative thinking, see the wisdom in daily routine, and become aware of the cognitive biases that are creating the way you see your life.

Some of these pieces have never been seen; others have been read by millions of people around the world. Regardless, each will leave you thinking: This idea changed my life.

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Some of these pieces have never been seen; others have been read by millions of people around the world. Regardless, each will leave you thinking: This idea changed my life.

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This is a professionally-formatted, free flowing ebook reproduction of unique, up-to-date guides produced by the Department of Defense that provide comprehensive information about all aspects of life in South Korea, with a special emphasis on geography, history, the economy, society, security and military matters, religion, traditions, urban and rural life, ethnic groups, crime, the environment, government, holidays, gender issues and much more.

CHAPTER 1: GEOGRAPHY * Introduction * Geography and Topographic Features * The Central Mountains * The Southern Plain * The Southwestern Plain * Climate * Bodies of Water * East China Sea * Yellow Sea (West Sea) * Sea of Japan (East Sea) * Strait of Korea * The Naktong River * The Han River * The Kum River * Major Cities * Seoul * Busan * Incheon * Daegu * Daejon * Gwangju * Environmental Concerns * Natural Hazards * CHAPTER 1 ASSESSMENT * CHAPTER 2: HISTORY * Introduction * Korean Origins * The Three Kingdoms * The Unified Silla Kingdom (668-935) * The Koryo (918-1392) * The Chosun Dynasty (1392-1910) * Japanese Colonialism (1910-1945) * A Divided Nation (1945-1949) * The Korean War * The Aftermath of War * On the Road to Democracy (1961-1987) * Modern Korea (1987-2012) * Recent Events * CHAPTER 2 ASSESSMENT * CHAPTER 3: ECONOMY * Introduction * Agriculture * Fishing * Manufacturing/Industry * Energy * Natural Resources * Trade * Tourism * Banking and Finance * Standard of Living * Employment Trends * Outlook * CHAPTER 3 ASSESSMENT * CHAPTER 4: SOCIETY * Introduction * Ethnic Groups and Languages * Religion * Shamanism * Buddhism * Christianity * Cuisine * Traditional Dress * Gender Issues * Arts * Pottery * Painting * Literature * Dance * Music * Folklore * Sports and Recreation * Taekwondo * Sheeruhm * Soccer * Baseball * Archery * Traditional Games * CHAPTER 4 ASSESSMENT * CHAPTER 5: SECURITY * Introduction * Relations with the United States * Relations with Neighbors * North Korea * China * Japan * Russia * Police * Military * Issues Affecting Stability * North Korea * Energy * Political Violence * Demographics * CHAPTER 1: PROFILE * Introduction * Geography * Climate * Bodies of Water * Major Cities * Seoul * Busan * Incheon * Daegu * Daejon * Gwangju * History * The Three Kingdoms (108 B.C.E.-918) * The Koryo (918-1392) * The Chosun Dynasty (1392-1910) * Japanese Occupation and the Korean War (1910-1953) * On the Road to Democracy (1953-1987) * Modern Korea (1987-2012) * Government * Media * Economy * Ethnic Groups and Languages * Chapter 1 Assessment * CHAPTER 2: RELIGION * Overview * Major Religions * Shamanism * Buddhism * Christianity * Religion and Government * Influence of Religion in Daily Life * Religious Holidays * Buildings of Worship * Churches and Cathedrals * Temples * Behavior in Buildings of Worship * Churches * Temples * Chapter 2 Assessment * CHAPTER 3: TRADITIONS * Introduction * Formulaic Codes of Politeness * Male/Female Interaction * Hospitality and Gift Giving * Eating Habits * Eating Out * Drinking Culture and Rituals * Dress Codes * Nonreligious Holidays * New Year's Day * Seollal (Lunar New Year) * Gookgyongil (Independence Day or National Day) * Labor Day * Uhleenee nal (Children's Day) * Ahbahee nal (Parents' Day) * Hyunchoonil (Memorial Day) * Gwangbokjol (Liberation Day) * Chuseok (Harvest Moon Festival) * Gaechunjul (National Foundation Day) * Hangul nal (Hangul Proclamation Day) * Dos and Don'ts * Chapter 3 Assessment * CHAPTER 4: URBAN LIFE * Introduction * Work Problems in Urban Areas * Urban Healthcare * Education * Restaurants * Marketplace and Street Vendors * Transportation * Cars and Motorcycles * Taxis * Subways * Buses * Trains * Ferries and Airplanes * Urban Crime * Chapter 4 Assessment * CHAPTER 5: RURAL LIFE * Introduction * Land Distribution and Rural Development * Economy * Transportation * Rural Healthcare * Education * Who's in Charge? * Border Crossings and Checkpoints * Landmines

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Table of Contents

Title Page

Introduction

Dedication

The Sonnets

Index of First Lines

THE PELICAN SHAKESPEARE GENERAL EDITORS STEPHEN ORGEL A. R. BRAUNMULLER

The Sonnets

135

WHo ever hath her wifh, thou haft thy will,
And Will too boote,and Will in oucr-plus,
More then enough am i that vexe thee ftill,
To thv sweet will making addition thus.
Wilt thou whofe will is large and spatious,
Not once vouchfafe to hide my will in thine,
Shall will in others feeme right gracious,
And in my will no faire acceptance shine:
The sea all water, yet receiues raine still,
And in aboundance addeth to his store,
So thou beeing rich in Will adde to thy Will,
One will ofrcine to make thy large Will more.
Let no vakinde, no faire beseechers kill,
Thinke all but one, and me in that one Will.

The playfully autobiographical (and wittily obscene) Sonnet 135 in its original form in the 1609 quarto, a good example of the ambiguities of early modern typography.

PENGUIN BOOKS
Published by the Penguin Group
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New York, New York 10014, U.S.A.
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Rosebank, Johannesburg 2196, South Africa
Penguin Books Ltd, Registered Offices:
Harmondsworth, Middlesex, England
The Sonnets edited by Douglas Bush published in the
United States of America in Penguin Books 1961
Revised edition published 1970
This new edition edited by Stephen Orgel with an Introduction by John Hollander published 2001

LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CATALOGING IN PUBLICATION DATA

Shakespeare, William, 1564-1616.
The sonnets / William Shakespeare ;
edited by Stephen Orgel ; with an introduction by John Hollander.
p. cm. - (The Pelican Shakespeare)

eISBN : 978-0-140-71453-1

\"},{\"id\":\"49220855T\",\"type\":\"Excerpt\",\"linkText\":\"Read an Excerpt\",\"typeId\":\"1005\",\"abbr\":\"EXC\",\"maxToDisplay\":\"1\",\"displayOrder\":\"2\",\"text\":\"

Sonnets

By William Shakespeare

Steerforth Press

CHAPTER 1

    I

    From fairest creatures we desire increase,
    That thereby beauty's rose might never die,
    But as the riper should by time decease,
    His tender heir might bear his memory:
    But thou, contracted to thine own bright eyes,
    Feed'st thy light's flame with self-substantial fuel,
    Making a famine where abundance lies,
    Thyself thy foe, to thy sweet self too cruel.
    Thou that art now the world's fresh ornament
    And only herald to the gaudy spring,
    Within thine own bud buriest thy content
    And, tender churl, mak'st waste in niggarding.
      Pity the world, or else this glutton be,
      To eat the world's due, by the grave and thee.

    II

    When forty winters shall besiege thy brow
    And dig deep trenches in thy beauty's field,
    Thy youth's proud livery, so gazed on now,
    Will be a tattered weed, of small worth held:
    Then being asked where all thy beauty lies,
    Where all the treasure of thy lusty days,
    To say, within thine own deep-sunken eyes,
    Were an all-eating shame and thriftless praise.
    How much more praise deserved thy beauty's use,
    If thou couldst answer 'This fair child of mine
    Shall sum my count, and make my old excuse',
    Proving his beauty by succession thine!
      This were to be new made when thou art old,
      And see thy blood warm when thou feel'st it cold.

    III

    Look in thy glass, and tell the face thou viewest
    Now is the time that face should form another;
    Whose fresh repair if now thou not renewest,
    Thou dost beguile the world, unbless some mother.
    For where is she so fair whose unear'd womb
    Disdains the tillage of thy husbandry?
    Or who is he so fond will be the tomb
    Of his self-love to stop posterity?
    Thou art thy mother's glass, and she in thee
    Calls back the lovely April of her prime:
    So thou through windows of thine age shalt see,
    Despite of wrinkles, this thy golden time.
      But if thou live, remembered not to be,
      Die single, and thine image dies with thee.

    IV

    Unthrifty loveliness, why dost thou spend
    Upon thy self thy beauty's legacy?
    Nature's bequest gives nothing, but doth lend,
    And being frank, she lends to those are free.
    Then, beauteous niggard, why dost thou abuse
    The bounteous largess given thee to give?
    Profitless usurer, why dost thou use
    So great a sum of sums, yet canst not live?
    For having traffic with thy self alone,
    Thou of thy self thy sweet self dost deceive;
    Then how, when nature calls thee to be gone,
    What acceptable audit canst thou leave?
      Thy unused beauty must be tombed with thee,
      Which, used, lives th' executor to be.

    V

    Those hours that with gentle work did frame
    The lovely gaze where every eye doth dwell
    Will play the tyrants to the very same
    And that unfair which fairly doth excel:
    For never-resting time leads summer on
    To hideous winter and confounds him there,
    Sap checked with frost and lusty leaves quite gone
    Beauty o'ersnowed and bareness everywhere:
    Then, were not summer's distillation left,
    A liquid prisoner pent in walls of glass,
    Beauty's effect with beauty were bereft,
    Nor it, nor no remembrance what it was:
      But flowers distilled, though they with winter meet,
      Leese but their show; their substance still lives sweet.

    VI

    Then let not winter's ragged hand deface
    In thee thy summer, ere thou be distilled:
    Make sweet some vial; treasure thou some place
    With beauty's treasure, ere it be self-killed.
    That use is not forbidden usury,
    Which happies those that pay the willing loan;
    That's for thyself to breed another thee,
    Or ten times happier, be it ten for one;
    Ten times thyself were happier than thou art,
    If ten of thine ten times refigured thee:
    Then what could death do, if thou shouldst depart,
    Leaving thee living in posterity?
      Be not self-willed, for thou art much too fair
      To be death's conquest and make worms thine heir.

    VII

    Lo, in the orient when the gracious light
    Lifts up his burning head, each under eye
    Doth homage to his new-appearing sight,
    Serving with looks his sacred majesty;
    And having climb'd the steep-up heavenly hill,
    Resembling strong youth in his middle age,
    Yet mortal looks adore his beauty still,
    Attending on his golden pilgrimage;
    But when from highmost pitch, with weary car,
    Like feeble age, he reeleth from the day,
    The eyes, 'fore duteous, now converted are
    From his low tract, and look another way:
      So thou, thyself out-going in thy noon,
      Unlooked on diest, unless thou get a son.

    VIII

    Music to hear, why hear'st thou music sadly?
    Sweets with sweets war not, joy delights in joy.
    Why lovest thou that which thou receiv'st not gladly,
    Or else receiv'st with pleasure thine annoy?
    If the true concord of well-tuned sounds,
    By unions married, do offend thine ear,
    They do but sweetly chide thee, who confounds
    In singleness the parts that thou shouldst bear:
    Mark how one string, sweet husband to another,
    Strikes each in each by mutual ordering;
    Resembling sire, and child, and happy mother,
    Who, all in one, one pleasing note do sing:
      Whose speechless song, being many, seeming one,
      Sings this to thee: 'Thou single wilt prove none'.

    IX

    Is it for fear to wet a widow's eye
    That thou consum'st thy self in single life?
    Ah! if thou issueless shalt hap to die,
    The world will wail thee, like a makeless wife;
    The world will be thy widow, and still weep
    That thou no form of thee hast left behind,
    When every private widow well may keep
    By children's eyes her husband's shape in mind.
    Look, what an unthrift in the world doth spend
    Shifts but his place, for still the world enjoys it;
    But beauty's waste hath in the world an end,
    And kept unused, the user so destroys it.
      No love toward others in that bosom sits
      That on himself such murd'rous shame commits.

    X

    For shame! deny that thou bear'st love to any,
    Who for thyself art so unprovident.
    Grant, if thou wilt, thou art beloved of many,
    But that thou none lovest is most evident;
    For thou art so possess'd with murderous hate
    That 'gainst thyself thou stick'st not to conspire,
    Seeking that beauteous roof to ruinate
    Which to repair should be thy chief desire.
    O, change thy thought, that I may change my mind!
    Shall hate be fairer lodged than gentle love?
    Be, as thy presence is, gracious and kind,
    Or to thyself at least kind-hearted prove:
      Make thee another self, for love of me,
      That beauty still may live in thine or thee.

    XI

    As fast as thou shalt wane, so fast thou grow'st
    In one of thine, from that which thou departest;
    And that fresh blood which youngly thou bestow'st
    Thou mayst call thine, when thou from youth convertest.
    Herein lives wisdom, beauty and increase;
    Without this, folly, age and cold decay:
    If all were minded so, the times should cease
    And threescore year would make the world away.
    Let those whom Nature hath not made for store,
    Harsh, featureless and rude, barrenly perish:
    Look, whom she best endow'd she gave the more;
    Which bounteous gift thou shouldst in bounty cherish:
      She carved thee for her seal, and meant thereby
      Thou shouldst print more, not let that copy die.

    XII

    When I do count the clock that tells the time,
    And see the brave day sunk in hideous night;
    When I behold the violet past prime,
    And sable curls all silver'd o'er with white;
    When lofty trees I see barren of leaves,
    Which erst from heat did canopy the herd,
    And summer's green all girded up in sheaves,
    Borne on the bier with white and bristly beard,
    Then of thy beauty do I question make,
    That thou among the wastes of time must go,
    Since sweets and beauties do themselves forsake
    And die as fast as they see others grow;
      And nothing 'gainst Time's scythe can make defence
      Save breed, to brave him when he takes thee hence.

    XIII

    O, that you were yourself! but, love, you are
    No longer yours than you yourself here live:
    Against this coming end you should prepare,
    And your sweet semblance to some other give.
    So should that beauty which you hold in lease
    Find no determination; then you were
    Yourself again, after yourself's decease,
    When your sweet issue your sweet form should bear.
    Who lets so fair a house fall to decay,
    Which husbandry in honour might uphold
    Against the stormy gusts of winter's day
    And barren rage of death's eternal cold?
      O, none but unthrifts: dear my love, you know
      You had a father; let your son say so.

    XIV

    Not from the stars do I my judgement pluck;
    And yet methinks I have astronomy,
    But not to tell of good or evil luck,
    Of plagues, of dearths, or seasons' quality;
    Nor can I fortune to brief minutes tell,
    Pointing to each his thunder, rain and wind,
    Or say with princes if it shall go well,
    By oft predict that I in heaven find:
    But from thine eyes my knowledge I derive,
    And, constant stars, in them I read such art,
    As truth and beauty shall together thrive,
    If from thyself, to store thou wouldst convert;
      Or else of thee this I prognosticate:
      Thy end is truth's and beauty's doom and date.

    XV

    When I consider every thing that grows
    Holds in perfection but a little moment,
    That this huge stage presenteth nought but shows
    Whereon the stars in secret influence comment;
    When I perceive that men as plants increase,
    Cheered and check'd even by the self-same sky,
    Vaunt in their youthful sap, at height decrease,
    And wear their brave state out of memory;
    Then the conceit of this inconstant stay
    Sets you most rich in youth before my sight,
    Where wasteful Time debateth with Decay,
    To change your day of youth to sullied night;
      And all in war with Time for love of you,
      As he takes from you, I engraft you new.

    XVI

    But wherefore do not you a mightier way
    Make war upon this bloody tyrant, Time?
    And fortify yourself in your decay
    With means more blessed than my barren rhyme?
    Now stand you on the top of happy hours,
    And many maiden gardens, yet unset,
    With virtuous wish would bear your living flowers
    Much liker than your painted counterfeit:
    So should the lines of life that life repair,
    Which this, Time's pencil, or my pupil pen,
    Neither in inward worth nor outward fair,
    Can make you live yourself in eyes of men,
      To give away yourself keeps yourself still;
      And you must live, drawn by your own sweet skill.

    XVII

    Who will believe my verse in time to come,
    If it were fill'd with your most high deserts?
    Though yet, heaven knows, it is but as a tomb
    Which hides your life and shows not half your parts.
    If I could write the beauty of your eyes
    And in fresh numbers number all your graces,
    The age to come would say, 'This poet lies;
    Such heavenly touches ne'er touched earthly faces.'
    So should my papers, yellowed with their age,
    Be scorn'd, like old men of less truth than tongue,
    And your true rights be termed a poet's rage
    And stretched metre of an antique song:
      But were some child of yours alive that time,
      You should live twice, in it and in my rhyme.

    XVIII

    Shall I compare thee to a summer's day?
    Thou art more lovely and more temperate:
    Rough winds do shake the darling buds of May,
    And summer's lease hath all too short a date:
    Sometime too hot the eye of heaven shines,
    And often is his gold complexion dimmed;
    And every fair from fair sometime declines,
    By chance or nature's changing course untrimmed;
    But thy eternal summer shall not fade,
    Nor lose possession of that fair thou owest;
    Nor shall Death brag thou wander'st in his shade,
    When in eternal lines to time thou grow'st:
      So long as men can breathe, or eyes can see,
      So long lives this, and this gives life to thee.

    XIX

    Devouring Time, blunt thou the lion's paws,
    And make the earth devour her own sweet brood;
    Pluck the keen teeth from the fierce tiger's jaws,
    And burn the long-lived phoenix, in her blood;
    Make glad and sorry seasons as thou fleet'st,
    And do whate'er thou wilt, swift-footed Time,
    To the wide world and all her fading sweets;
    But I forbid thee one most heinous crime:
    O, carve not with thy hours my love's fair brow,
    Nor draw no lines there with thine antique pen;
    Him in thy course untainted do allow
    For beauty's pattern to succeeding men.
      Yet do thy worst, old Time: despite thy wrong,
      My love shall in my verse ever live young.

    XX

    A woman's face, with Nature's own hand painted,
    Hast thou, the master-mistress of my passion;
    A woman's gentle heart, but not acquainted
    With shifting change, as is false women's fashion;
    An eye more bright than theirs, less false in rolling,
    Gilding the object whereupon it gazeth;
    A man in hue, all hues in his controlling,
    Which steals men's eyes and women's souls amazeth.
    And for a woman wert thou first created;
    Till Nature, as she wrought thee, fell a-doting,
    And by addition me of thee defeated,
    By adding one thing to my purpose nothing.
      But since she prick'd thee out for women's pleasure,
      Mine be thy love, and thy love's use their treasure.

    XXI

    So is it not with me as with that Muse
    Stirr'd by a painted beauty to his verse,
    Who heaven itself for ornament doth use
    And every fair with his fair doth rehearse,
    Making a couplement of proud compare,
    With sun and moon, with earth and sea's rich gems,
    With April's first-born flowers, and all things rare
    That heaven's air in this huge rondure hems.
    O, let me, true in love, but truly write,
    And then believe me, my love is as fair
    As any mother's child, though not so bright
    As those gold candles fix'd in heaven's air:
      Let them say more that like of hearsay well;
      I will not praise that purpose not to sell.

    XXII

    My glass shall not persuade me I am old,
    So long as youth and thou are of one date;
    But when in thee time's furrows I behold,
    Then look I death my days should expiate.
    For all that beauty that doth cover thee
    Is but the seemly raiment of my heart,
    Which in thy breast doth live, as thine in me:
    How can I then be elder than thou art?
    O, therefore, love, be of thyself so wary,
    As I, not for myself, but for thee will;
    Bearing thy heart, which I will keep so chary
    As tender nurse her babe from faring ill.
      Presume not on thy heart when mine is slain;
      Thou gav'st me thine, not to give back again.

(Continues...)

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Sonnets

By William Shakespeare

Steerforth Press

CHAPTER 1

(Continues...)

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Table of Contents

Title Page

Introduction

Dedication

The Sonnets

Index of First Lines

THE PELICAN SHAKESPEARE GENERAL EDITORS STEPHEN ORGEL A. R. BRAUNMULLER

The Sonnets

135

The playfully autobiographical (and wittily obscene) Sonnet 135 in its original form in the 1609 quarto, a good example of the ambiguities of early modern typography.

LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CATALOGING IN PUBLICATION DATA

Shakespeare, William, 1564-1616.
The sonnets / William Shakespeare ;
edited by Stephen Orgel ; with an introduction by John Hollander.
p. cm. - (The Pelican Shakespeare)

eISBN : 978-0-140-71453-1

WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE was born in 1564 in Stratford-upon-Avon, the third of eight children. e started his career in the theatre sometime by the time he turned twenty-eight, and he continued to write plays until 1613. In addition to his thirty-eight plays, he left behind one hundred and fifty-four sonnets and two narrative poems. His works are considered to be among the greatest in English literature and have been translated into every major living language.

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He is often called England's national poet and the \\\"Bard of Avon\\\". His surviving works, including some collaborations, consist of about 38 plays, 154 sonnets, two long narrative poems, and several other poems. His plays have been translated into every major living language and are performed more often than those of any other playwright. Shakespeare was born and raised in Stratford-upon-Avon. Shakespeare produced most of his known work between 1589 and 1613. His early plays were mainly comedies and histories, genres he raised to the peak of sophistication and artistry by the end of the sixteenth century. He then wrote mainly tragedies until about 1608, including Hamlet, King Lear, and Macbeth, considered some of the finest works in the English language. In his last phase, he wrote tragicomedies, also known as romances, and collaborated with other playwrights. Many of his plays were published in editions of varying quality and accuracy during his lifetime. In 1623, two of his former theatrical colleagues published the First Folio, a collected edition of his dramatic works that included all but two of the plays now recognized as Shakespeare's. Shakespeare was a respected poet and playwright in his own day, but his reputation did not rise to its present heights until the nineteenth century. The Romantics, in particular, acclaimed Shakespeare's genius, and the Victorians worshipped Shakespeare with a reverence that George Bernard Shaw called \\\"bardolatry.\\\" In the twentieth century, his work was repeatedly adopted and rediscovered by new movements in scholarship and performance. 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First published in 1609, “The Sonnets” of William Shakespeare are a collection of 154 loosely connected 14 line poems. Considered by many to be among some of the greatest love poetry ever written much debate surrounds the context of the poetry. It has been suggested that the work may be semi-autobiographical but no real evidence firmly supports this notion. The themes of the poems contained within this volume are varied and include such subjects as the passage of time, love, beauty, and mortality. Some scholars have interpreted the collection as a parody of the 300-year-old tradition of Petrarchan love sonnets. This analysis arises out of the fact that Shakespeare inverts conventional gender roles creating a more complex depiction of human love. Seen as a new type of love poetry when first written, “The Sonnets” largely languished in obscurity until the renewed interest in Shakespeare’s work which accompanied the Romantic literary movement of the 19th century. Regardless of Shakespeare’s intent behind the writing of “The Sonnets”, these poems can be appreciated individually or as a whole as examples of William Shakespeare’s true literary genius. This edition is printed on premium acid-free paper, includes a preface and annotations by Henry N. Hudson, and an introduction by Charles Harold Herford.

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That thereby beauty's rose might never die,

But as the riper should by time decease,

His tender heir might bear his memory:

But thou, contracted to thine own bright eyes,

Feed'st thy light's flame with self-substantial fuel,

Making a famine where abundance lies,

Thyself thy foe, to thy sweet self too cruel.

Thou that art now the world's fresh ornament

And only herald to the gaudy spring,

Within thine own bud buriest ty content

And, tender churl, mak'st waste in niggarding.

Pity the world, or else this glutton be,

To eat the world's due, by the grave and thee.

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Sonnets

By William Shakespeare

Steerforth Press

CHAPTER 1

(Continues...)

\"},{\"id\":\"4883437T\",\"type\":\"Excerpt\",\"linkText\":\"Read an Excerpt\",\"typeId\":\"1005\",\"abbr\":\"EXC\",\"maxToDisplay\":\"1\",\"displayOrder\":\"2\",\"text\":\"

Table of Contents

Title Page

Introduction

Dedication

The Sonnets

Index of First Lines

THE PELICAN SHAKESPEARE GENERAL EDITORS STEPHEN ORGEL A. R. BRAUNMULLER

The Sonnets

135

The playfully autobiographical (and wittily obscene) Sonnet 135 in its original form in the 1609 quarto, a good example of the ambiguities of early modern typography.

LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CATALOGING IN PUBLICATION DATA

Shakespeare, William, 1564-1616.
The sonnets / William Shakespeare ;
edited by Stephen Orgel ; with an introduction by John Hollander.
p. cm. - (The Pelican Shakespeare)

eISBN : 978-0-140-71453-1

\"},{\"id\":\"1812303T\",\"type\":\"Review\",\"linkText\":\"From The Critics\",\"typeId\":\"1002\",\"abbr\":\"REV\",\"maxToDisplay\":\"255\",\"displayOrder\":\"1\",\"text\":\"Octavo continues to provide digital access to rare and important literary works. Only 13 originals survive of Shakespeare's Sonnets, Never Before Imprinted, first published in London in 1609. This disc provides page-by-page views from the quarto held in the Grenville collection of The British Library. The 154 sonnets, plus an 11-page poem, \\\"A Lover's Complaint,\\\" appear in the typeface of the day. The images are accompanied by a text commentary by Arthur Freeman, with notes on the binding and collation, provenance, and viewing tips. One continuous PDF holds it all, and Adobe Acrobat tabs must be used to maneuver through the document. While this arrangement makes individual word search and copy-and-paste possible, navigation is not without its challenges. 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Sonnets

By William Shakespeare

Steerforth Press

CHAPTER 1

(Continues...)

\"},{\"id\":\"4883437T\",\"type\":\"Excerpt\",\"linkText\":\"Read an Excerpt\",\"typeId\":\"1005\",\"abbr\":\"EXC\",\"maxToDisplay\":\"1\",\"displayOrder\":\"2\",\"text\":\"

Table of Contents

Title Page

Introduction

Dedication

The Sonnets

Index of First Lines

THE PELICAN SHAKESPEARE GENERAL EDITORS STEPHEN ORGEL A. R. BRAUNMULLER

The Sonnets

135

The playfully autobiographical (and wittily obscene) Sonnet 135 in its original form in the 1609 quarto, a good example of the ambiguities of early modern typography.

LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CATALOGING IN PUBLICATION DATA

Shakespeare, William, 1564-1616.
The sonnets / William Shakespeare ;
edited by Stephen Orgel ; with an introduction by John Hollander.
p. cm. - (The Pelican Shakespeare)

eISBN : 978-0-140-71453-1

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The Newly Revised Signet Classic Shakespeare Series

The work of the world's greatest dramatist edited by outstanding scholars.

An extensive overview of Shakespeare's life, world, and sonnets by the general editor of the Signet Classic Shakespeare series, Sylvan Barnet, Tufts University Special introduction to The Sonnets, by W.H. Auden Facsimilies of the 1609 quarto edition of The Sonnets Textual Note, including a facsimilie showing a variant form of one sonnet Literary criticism by William Empson, Hallett Smith, Winifred M. T. Nowottny, and Helen Vendler Text, notes, and commentaries printed in the clearest, most readable type Up-to-date list of recommended readings

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Shakespeare's sonnets are lyrical, haunting, beautiful and often breath-taking, representing one of the finest bodies of poetry ever penned. They demonstrate the writer's skill in capturing the full range of human emotions within a carefully prescribed form and creating something unique in every one.

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The first 17 sonnets, traditionally called the procreation sonnets, are ostensibly written to a young man urging him to marry and have children in order to immortalise his beauty by passing it to the next generation. Other sonnets express the speaker's love for a young man; brood upon loneliness, death, and the transience of life; seem to criticise the young man for preferring a rival poet; express ambiguous feelings for the speaker's mistress; and pun on the poet's name. The final two sonnets are allegorical treatments of Greek epigrams referring to the \"little love-god\" Cupid.

The publisher, Thomas Thorpe, entered the book in the Stationers' Register on 20 May 1609:

Tho. Thorpe. Entred for his copie under the handes of master Wilson and master Lownes Wardenes a booke called Shakespeares sonnettes vjd.

Whether Thorpe used an authorized manuscript from Shakespeare or an unauthorized copy is unknown. George Eld printed the quarto, and the run was divided between the booksellers William Aspley and John Wright.","Shakespeare's sonnets are 154 poems in sonnet form written by William Shakespeare, dealing with themes such as the passage of time, love, beauty and mortality. All but two of the poems were first published in a 1609 quarto entitled SHAKE-SPEARES SONNETS.: Never before imprinted. Sonnets 138 and 144 had previously been published in a 1599 miscellany entitled The Passionate Pilgrim. The quarto ends with \"A Lover's Complaint\", a narrative poem of 47 seven-line stanzas written in rhyme royal.The first 17 sonnets, traditionally called the procreation sonnets, are ostensibly written to a young man urging him to marry and have children in order to immortalise his beauty by passing it to the next generation. 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An all-star cast including John Gielgud, Edith Evans, Anthony Quayle, and Peggy Ashcroft come together to read all 154 Sonnets.

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Sonnets

By William Shakespeare

Steerforth Press

CHAPTER 1

(Continues...)

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Table of Contents

Title Page

Introduction

Dedication

The Sonnets

Index of First Lines

THE PELICAN SHAKESPEARE GENERAL EDITORS STEPHEN ORGEL A. R. BRAUNMULLER

The Sonnets

135

The playfully autobiographical (and wittily obscene) Sonnet 135 in its original form in the 1609 quarto, a good example of the ambiguities of early modern typography.

LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CATALOGING IN PUBLICATION DATA

Shakespeare, William, 1564-1616.
The sonnets / William Shakespeare ;
edited by Stephen Orgel ; with an introduction by John Hollander.
p. cm. - (The Pelican Shakespeare)

eISBN : 978-0-140-71453-1

William Shakespeare is the world's greatest ever playwright. Born in 1564, he split his time between Stratford-upon-Avon and London, where he worked as a playwright, poet and actor. In 1582 he married Anne Hathaway. Shakespeare died in 1616 at the age of fifty-two, leaving three children—Susanna, Hamnet and Judith. The rest is silence.

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The verses that compose the sonnets are often subversive, elusive and intimate, shaping an erotic body of poetry in the pursuit of the depths of emotion. Shakespeare's Sonnets express both the narrator's pure love for a 'fair youth , and his uncontrollable desire for a dark lady. There has been much debate concerning the identity of the individuals to whom the sonnets are addressed, and the mysterious dedication \"To the onlie begetter of these insuing sonnets Mr W Hall happinesse and that eternitie promised by our ever-living poet wisheth the well-wishing adventurer in setting forth\", which appears in the 1609 edition, offers no clear evidence. 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Sonnets

By William Shakespeare

Steerforth Press

CHAPTER 1

(Continues...)

\"},{\"id\":\"4883437T\",\"type\":\"Excerpt\",\"linkText\":\"Read an Excerpt\",\"typeId\":\"1005\",\"abbr\":\"EXC\",\"maxToDisplay\":\"1\",\"displayOrder\":\"2\",\"text\":\"

Table of Contents

Title Page

Introduction

Dedication

The Sonnets

Index of First Lines

THE PELICAN SHAKESPEARE GENERAL EDITORS STEPHEN ORGEL A. R. BRAUNMULLER

The Sonnets

135

The playfully autobiographical (and wittily obscene) Sonnet 135 in its original form in the 1609 quarto, a good example of the ambiguities of early modern typography.

LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CATALOGING IN PUBLICATION DATA

Shakespeare, William, 1564-1616.
The sonnets / William Shakespeare ;
edited by Stephen Orgel ; with an introduction by John Hollander.
p. cm. - (The Pelican Shakespeare)

eISBN : 978-0-140-71453-1

\"},{\"id\":\"46198553T\",\"type\":\"Excerpt\",\"linkText\":\"Read an Excerpt\",\"typeId\":\"1005\",\"abbr\":\"EXC\",\"maxToDisplay\":\"1\",\"displayOrder\":\"3\",\"text\":\"

Table of Contents

Title Page

Introduction

Dedication

The Sonnets

Index of First Lines

THE PELICAN SHAKESPEARE GENERAL EDITORS STEPHEN ORGEL A. R. BRAUNMULLER

The Sonnets

135

The playfully autobiographical (and wittily obscene) Sonnet 135 in its original form in the 1609 quarto, a good example of the ambiguities of early modern typography.

LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CATALOGING IN PUBLICATION DATA

Shakespeare, William, 1564-1616.
The sonnets / William Shakespeare ;
edited by Stephen Orgel ; with an introduction by John Hollander.
p. cm. - (The Pelican Shakespeare)

eISBN : 978-0-140-71453-1

\"},{\"id\":\"48938161T\",\"type\":\"Review\",\"linkText\":\"From The Critics\",\"typeId\":\"1002\",\"abbr\":\"REV\",\"maxToDisplay\":\"255\",\"displayOrder\":\"1\",\"text\":\"\\\"Dante and Shakespeare divide the modern world between them, there is no third\\\"
\"},{\"id\":\"51718916T\",\"type\":\"Review\",\"linkText\":\"From The Critics\",\"typeId\":\"1002\",\"abbr\":\"REV\",\"maxToDisplay\":\"255\",\"displayOrder\":\"2\",\"text\":\"\\\"The great master who knew everything...an unspeakable source of delight\\\" - Charles Dickens -\"},{\"id\":\"50923437T\",\"type\":\"Fatbrain Author Description\",\"linkText\":\"Author Description\",\"typeId\":\"1102\",\"abbr\":\"FBA\",\"maxToDisplay\":\"1\",\"displayOrder\":\"1\",\"text\":\"William Shakespeare was born in 1564 in Stratford-upon-Avon, the third of John Shakespeare and Mary Arden's eight children. At the age of eighteen, he married Anne Hathaway. By 1592, he had started his career in the theatre, and continued to write plays until 1613. In addition to his thirty-eight plays, he left behind one hundred and fifty-four sonnets and two narrative poems. His works are considered to be among the highest achievements in English literature, and have been translated into every major living language. England's national poet died on the 23rd of April 1616.\"},{\"id\":\"4905611T\",\"type\":\"Fatbrain Author Description\",\"linkText\":\"Author Description\",\"typeId\":\"1102\",\"abbr\":\"FBA\",\"maxToDisplay\":\"1\",\"displayOrder\":\"2\",\"text\":\"Elizabethan playwright and poet.\"},{\"id\":\"22521961T\",\"type\":\"Fatbrain Author Description\",\"linkText\":\"Author Description\",\"typeId\":\"1102\",\"abbr\":\"FBA\",\"maxToDisplay\":\"1\",\"displayOrder\":\"3\",\"text\":\"

William Shakespeare was born in Stratford-upon-Avon, Warwickshire, in 1564. The date of his birth is unknown but is celebrated on 23 April, which happens to be St George's Day, and the day in 1616 on which Shakespeare died.

Aged eighteen, he married Anne Hathaway. They had three children. Around 1585 William joined an acting troupe on tour in Stratford from London, and thereafter spent much of his life in the capital. By 1595 he had written five of his history plays, six comedies and his first tragedy, Romeo and Juliet. In all, he wrote thirty-seven plays and much poetry, and earned enormous fame in his own lifetime in prelude to his immortality.

Shakespeare’s sonnets are love poems that explore the joy, the pain, the regret, and the transience of this most volatile of human sentiments. Readers will find that the sonnets mirror their own romantic experiences, as Shakespeare gives words to the feelings we have all felt at one time or another. First published in 1609, the sonnets still evoke romance and passion.

","This edition includes a modern introduction and a list of suggested further reading. Shakespeare’s sonnets are love poems that explore the joy, the pain, the regret, and the transience of this most volatile of human sentiments. Readers will find that the sonnets mirror their own romantic experiences, as Shakespeare gives words to the feelings we have all felt at one time or another. First published in 1609, the sonnets still evoke romance and passion.",[4669,4670],{"_223":6210,"_234":6212},{"_225":6211,"_227":228},"3.99",{"_225":6211,"_227":228},{"_223":6214,"_234":6215},{"_225":233,"_227":228},{"_225":233,"_227":228},{"_238":6217},[6218],{"_35":6219,"_59":6220,"_220":-5,"_61":6221,"_55":6222},"gid://shopify/ProductImage/49367051403504","https://cdn.shopify.com/s/files/1/0737/7593/9824/files/393144043.jpg?v=1753517965",596,903,{"_238":6224},[6225],{"_35":6226,"_191":6227},"gid://shopify/MediaImage/40920393744624",{"_35":6228,"_59":6220,"_220":-5,"_61":6221,"_55":6222},"gid://shopify/ImageSource/40953107710192",[6230],{"_251":252,"_4688":6231},[6232],{"_251":254,"_4691":6233,"_4699":-5},{"_229":120,"_242":-5,"_35":6234,"_191":6235,"_244":6236,"_246":6237,"_248":6238,"_255":6205,"_77":254,"_256":-5,"_4698":8},"gid://shopify/ProductVariant/47127632019696",{"_202":4994,"_35":6219,"_59":6220,"_220":-5,"_61":6221,"_55":6222},{"_225":6211,"_227":228},{"_77":6204,"_208":6205},[6239],{"_251":252,"_253":254},{"_229":120,"_242":-5,"_35":6234,"_191":6241,"_244":6242,"_246":6243,"_248":6244,"_255":6205,"_77":254,"_256":-5,"_4698":8},{"_202":4994,"_35":6219,"_59":6220,"_220":-5,"_61":6221,"_55":6222},{"_225":6211,"_227":228},{"_77":6204,"_208":6205},[6245],{"_251":252,"_253":254},[],{"_210":-5,"_77":-5},{"_253":6205},{"_253":207},{"_253":4714},{"_253":6252},"2012-03-13T04:00:00Z",{"_253":4720},{"_253":6255},"2012-03-09T05:00:00Z",{"_253":6257},"Barnes & Noble Digital Library",{"_253":6259},"180",{"_253":6261},"0.03",{"_253":5644},{"_253":207},{"_253":4741},{"_253":6266},"[{\"contributorId\":151957,\"firstName\":\"William\",\"lastName\":\"Shakespeare\",\"jobName\":\"Author\",\"jobPrimary\":true,\"jobType\":\"Creative\",\"sequenceNumber\":1},{\"contributorId\":1421712,\"firstName\":\"Robert Thomas\",\"lastName\":\"Fallon\",\"jobName\":\"Introduction\",\"jobPrimary\":false,\"jobType\":\"Creative\",\"sequenceNumber\":2}]",{"_253":4755},{"_253":4086},{"_253":5904},{"_253":5904},{"_4767":4768,"_253":6173},{"_4767":5908,"_253":6273},"[{\"Key\":\"BrowseMinutes\",\"Value\":\"60\"},{\"Key\":\"DCVendorName\",\"Value\":\"STERLING PUBLISHING\"},{\"Key\":\"DigitalSampleCode\",\"Value\":\"Y\"},{\"Key\":\"eGiftStatusCode\",\"Value\":\"Y\"},{\"Key\":\"FileSize\",\"Value\":\"919067\"},{\"Key\":\"hasDRM\",\"Value\":\"1\"},{\"Key\":\"IngestionDCMerchNum\",\"Value\":\"66290\"},{\"Key\":\"isBrowsable\",\"Value\":\"1\"},{\"Key\":\"isEnhanced\",\"Value\":\"0\"},{\"Key\":\"isLoanable\",\"Value\":\"1\"},{\"Key\":\"LoanDays\",\"Value\":\"14\"},{\"Key\":\"MaxLoans\",\"Value\":\"1\"},{\"Key\":\"SampleEAN\",\"Value\":\"2981411466846\"},{\"Key\":\"SoldBy\",\"Value\":\"Barnes & Noble\"},{\"Key\":\"TextToSpeech\",\"Value\":\"1\"},{\"Key\":\"vendorId\",\"Value\":\"0025100206\"},{\"Key\":\"WebReadCode\",\"Value\":\"Y\"}]",[6275,6276,6277,6279,6280,6281,6282,6283,6285,6286,-5,-5,6287,-5,6289,6290,-5,-5,-5,6291,6292,-5,-5,-5,-5,6293,-5,-5,-5,6294,6295,-5,-5,-5],{"_264":265,"_266":297,"_253":4755},{"_264":265,"_266":4757,"_253":4086},{"_264":265,"_266":267,"_253":6278},"[{\"contributorId\":151957,\"fullName\":\"William Shakespeare\",\"jobName\":\"Author\",\"sequenceNumber\":1},{\"contributorId\":1421712,\"fullName\":\"Robert Thomas Fallon\",\"jobName\":\"Introduction\",\"sequenceNumber\":2}]",{"_264":265,"_266":279,"_253":207},{"_264":265,"_266":282,"_253":207},{"_264":265,"_266":285,"_253":157},{"_264":265,"_266":289,"_253":6185},{"_264":265,"_266":293,"_253":6284},"[{\"id\":\"29015595T\",\"type\":\"Fatbrain Author Description\",\"linkText\":\"Author Description\",\"typeId\":\"1102\",\"abbr\":\"FBA\",\"maxToDisplay\":\"1\",\"displayOrder\":\"1\",\"text\":\"

William Shakespeare was born in Stratford-upon-Avon, England, in 1564. Regarded as one of the greatest writers of all time, he is the author not only of sonnets, but of such plays as Romeo and Juliet and Hamlet.\"},{\"id\":\"39387527T\",\"type\":\"Fatbrain Author Description\",\"linkText\":\"Author Description\",\"typeId\":\"1102\",\"abbr\":\"FBA\",\"maxToDisplay\":\"1\",\"displayOrder\":\"2\",\"text\":\"William Shakespeare was born in Stratford-upon-Avon, England, in 1564. Regarded as one of the greatest writers of all time, he is the author not only of sonnets, but of such plays as Romeo and Juliet and Hamlet.
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Among the most enduring poetry of all time, William Shakespeare’s 154 sonnets address such eternal themes as love, beauty, honesty, and the passage of time. Written primarily in four-line stanzas and iambic pentameter, Shakespeare’s sonnets are now recognized as marking the beginning of modern love poetry. The sonnets have been translated into all major written languages and are frequently used at romantic celebrations.

Known as “The Bard of Avon,” William Shakespeare is arguably the greatest English-language writer known. Enormously popular during his life, Shakespeare’s works continue to resonate more than three centuries after his death, as has his influence on theatre and literature. Shakespeare’s innovative use of character, language, and experimentation with romance as tragedy served as a foundation for later playwrights and dramatists, and some of his most famous lines of dialogue have become part of everyday speech.

HarperPerennial Classics brings great works of literature to life in digital format, upholding the highest standards in ebook production and celebrating reading in all its forms. Look for more titles in the HarperPerennial Classics collection to build your digital library.

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Sonnets

By William Shakespeare

Steerforth Press

CHAPTER 1

(Continues...)

\"},{\"id\":\"4883437T\",\"type\":\"Excerpt\",\"linkText\":\"Read an Excerpt\",\"typeId\":\"1005\",\"abbr\":\"EXC\",\"maxToDisplay\":\"1\",\"displayOrder\":\"2\",\"text\":\"

Table of Contents

Title Page

Introduction

Dedication

The Sonnets

Index of First Lines

THE PELICAN SHAKESPEARE GENERAL EDITORS STEPHEN ORGEL A. R. BRAUNMULLER

The Sonnets

135

The playfully autobiographical (and wittily obscene) Sonnet 135 in its original form in the 1609 quarto, a good example of the ambiguities of early modern typography.

LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CATALOGING IN PUBLICATION DATA

Shakespeare, William, 1564-1616.
The sonnets / William Shakespeare ;
edited by Stephen Orgel ; with an introduction by John Hollander.
p. cm. - (The Pelican Shakespeare)

eISBN : 978-0-140-71453-1

\"},{\"id\":\"46198553T\",\"type\":\"Excerpt\",\"linkText\":\"Read an Excerpt\",\"typeId\":\"1005\",\"abbr\":\"EXC\",\"maxToDisplay\":\"1\",\"displayOrder\":\"3\",\"text\":\"

Table of Contents

Title Page

Introduction

Dedication

The Sonnets

Index of First Lines

THE PELICAN SHAKESPEARE GENERAL EDITORS STEPHEN ORGEL A. R. BRAUNMULLER

The Sonnets

135

The playfully autobiographical (and wittily obscene) Sonnet 135 in its original form in the 1609 quarto, a good example of the ambiguities of early modern typography.

LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CATALOGING IN PUBLICATION DATA

Shakespeare, William, 1564-1616.
The sonnets / William Shakespeare ;
edited by Stephen Orgel ; with an introduction by John Hollander.
p. cm. - (The Pelican Shakespeare)

eISBN : 978-0-140-71453-1

William Shakespeare was born in Stratford-upon-Avon, Warwickshire, in 1564. The date of his birth is not known but is traditionally 23 April, St George's Day. Aged 18, he married a Stratford farmer's daughter, Anne Hathaway. They had three children. Around 1585 William joined an acting troupe on tour in Stratford from London, and thereafter spent much of his life in the capital. A member of the leading theatre group in London, the Chamberlain's Men, which built the Globe Theatre and frequently performed in front of Queen Elizabeth I, Shakespeare wrote 36 plays and much poetry besides. 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Cambridge University Press
978-0-521-86118-2 - The Sonnets - Updated edition - Edited by G. Blakemore Evans
Excerpt

INTRODUCTION

Shakespeare the poet

In his own time, Shakespeare was much better known to the reading public as a poet than as a playwright. Indeed, during his life, his best seller by a wide margin, far outstripping the modern blockbusters Romeo and Juliet and Hamlet, was Venus and Adonis. This went through ten editions before his death in 1616, and another six before 1640. His other long narrative poem The Rape of Lucrece was less popular, but it too circulated far more widely than any of the plays, appearing in six editions during his life, and in two more by 1640. The most popular of the plays for Elizabethan and Jacobean readers were Richard Ⅲ and Richard Ⅱ, each of which went through five editions before 1616. Romeo and Juliet went through four; Hamlet appeared in three.

For readers since the eighteenth century, however, the narrative poems have been at best marginal to the Shakespeare canon. The Sonnets, on the other hand, which were the least known of his non-dramatic poems until the end of the eighteenth century, had by the twentieth century become essential to the construction of the canonical Shakespeare. They have seemed increasingly enlightening, fragments of life, or perhaps of a fantasy life; but in either case offering tantalising clues to the sources of thepoet’s dramatic imagination. The biography, which is ample by the standards of the time – we have more hard information about Shakespeare’s life than about that of any of his contemporary playwrights with the possible exception of Jonson – offers nothing so richly passionate and emotionally ambiguous.

This transformation, to be sure, involved a good deal of revision, emendation, and especially elucidation, for which the eighteenth-century editor Edmond Malone, who did more to define what we mean by Shakespeare than anyone since the editors of the First Folio, is chiefly responsible. Malone’s versions of the most problematic of these poems vary significantly from the original texts, but they have essentially replaced the originals in the modern Shakespeare.

The canonical Shakespeare, however, has, since the publication of the First Folio in 1623, been Shakespeare the playwright; and it is interesting to consider how Shakespeare would appear to us had his poems been included in the Folio – had the Folio been a volume of Complete Works, rather than Complete Plays. We are always told that the model for the First Folio was the first folio of Ben Jonson’s Works, published in 1616. But this is, in a crucial way, incorrect: Jonson’s folio comprised not only plays but poems, masques, entertainments, and even some prose commentary. Indeed, it was his epigrams that Jonson designated ‘the ripest of my studies’, and he endured a certain amount of scorn for presuming to include the plays at all, for claiming the status of Works for scripts from the popular theatre. The Shakespeare Folio is evidence enough that by 1623 Jonson had made his point, and in that sense Jonson’s Works were indeed an enabling precedent. Still, Jonson is for literary history as much a poet as a playwright, and his involvement in the world of aristocratic patronage and connoisseurship, amply revealed in his poems and masques, is an essential element in our sense of his career. Had Shakespeare’s poems been, from the outset, part of the canon, we might at the very least take seriously his involvement in that same social world of patronage, erudite readers, and aristocratic admirers. Certainly the dedications to his two long narrative poems, and the care with which they were prepared for and seen through the press, make clear that his ambitions extended beyond the stage.

Why were they not included in the First Folio? Probably for simple, practical reasons. The volume was put together by the King’s Men, the acting company of which Shakespeare had been a principal shareholder, playwright, and performer, as a memorial to their most admired colleague. What they owned the rights to – and what chiefly concerned them – was the plays. Since the narrative poems were still selling well in 1623, to have acquired the rights to reprint them would have been difficult, if not impossible. As for the Sonnets, who knows? The quarto volume published in 1609 was the only edition in Shakespeare’s lifetime, and it seems to have generated little interest – so little, in fact, that a second edition, published in 1640, could imply that the poems had never been printed before. Perhaps the Sonnets were simply not considered worth including.

Editorial history

The editorial history of Shakespeare’s poems is an index to how complex and conflicted our sense of Shakespeare the poet has been. The first quartos of Venus and Adonis (1593) and Lucrece (1594) are well-printed, elegant little books. They addressed an audience of readers who knew the classics, both Latin and English; they recall, in both their physical presentation and versification, recent editions of Ovid, Spenser, Sidney. Both poems include fulsome dedications to the Earl of Southampton, a glamorous young aristocrat (he was nineteen when Venus and Adonis appeared) who was, moreover, the ward of William Cecil, Lord Burghley. This is how ambitious Elizabethan poets got on in the world: by finding a generous aristocratic patron, whose taste, praised in a lavish dedication, in turn constituted a marketable endorsement. That it worked for Shakespeare, at least initially, is indicated by the fact that the Lucrece dedication is significantly warmer than that for Venus and Adonis; conversely, the fact that there are no further dedications to Southampton implies that it ultimately failed to pay off. For though Southampton was liberally endowed with taste and charm, when at the age of twenty-one he finally came into his inheritance, it turned out to be nothing: what he inherited was debts, and artistic patronage does not live by taste alone.

The aura of aristocratic patronage was not, however, the only attraction of Shakespeare’s first published poetry. Venus and Adonis was witty, inventive, and stylish; it was also daring, erotically explicit, even amoral. Though it seems to us sexually more comic than pornographic, its immense popularity is cited frequently in Shakespeare’s own time as an index to the decline of morals among the young, or the literate classes, or – in an extraordinary example – the Roman Catholic Church. Thomas Robinson, a lapsed friar, in a pamphlet published in 1622 called The Anatomy of the English Nunnery at Lisbon, described the comfortable life of a father confessor to the nuns there: ‘Then after supper it is usual for him to read a little of Venus and Adonis, the jests of George Peele, or some such scurrilous book: for there are few idle pamphlets printed in England which he hath not in the house.’ Lucrece is less obviously licentious (and certainly much less fun), but for all its moralising, it lingers provocatively over the way Tarquin’s rising lust is heightened by the chaste Lucrece’s fears and pleas – there is a good deal here to feed the Renaissance erotic and sadistic imagination. Moreover, the elements that we find tiresome in these two poems, their formality, dilation, extensive description, and digression – in short, the sheer undramatic quality of these narratives by our greatest dramatist – would have been a good part of what contemporary readers admired: these qualities were what put Shakespeare, as a poet, in the league of Spenser and Marlowe.

The Sonnets are, editorially and bibliographically, another matter entirely. They were, to begin with, not a book. At least some of them circulated initially in manuscript, and the fact that these poems were first conceived as coterie literature is essential to our understanding of the nature of the book that finally materialised as Shake-speares Sonnets. Our evidence for their circulation in manuscript – it should be emphasised that it is our only evidence – comes from the miscellaneous writer Francis Meres, who in 1598, in Palladis Tamia (Athena’s Thames), a volume comparing London’s literary scene with that of ancient Athens, praises Shakespeare’s ‘sugred Sonnets among his private friends’; and while it is difficult to imagine ‘sugred’ applying to poems like ‘They that have pow’r to hurt and will do none’ (94) or ‘Th’expense of spirit in a waste of shame’ (129), the adjective certainly describes many of the sonnets written to the beloved young man. There was nothing secretive about this mode of publication; manuscript circulation was a normal mode of transmission for much lyric poetry in the period. Even such monuments of Elizabethan verse as Sidney’s Astrophil and Stella, Marlowe’s Hero and Leander, and Donne’s Songs and Sonnets were initially conceived as coterie literature, and presumed a relatively small readership of uniform tastes: the poet was writing for an audience he knew. In fact, Donne refused to allow his lyric poetry to be published in his lifetime because he said he would then have no control over who read it. The Shakespeare of the ‘sugred sonnets’ is very much the Shakespeare of the social and cultural world implied by the dedications to Venus and Adonis and Lucrece; but, as Meres’s reference to an audience of ‘private friends’ suggests, precisely because the Sonnets circulated only in manuscript, their poet is far more deeply embedded in that world than Shakespeare the narrative poet is. The subtext of Venus and Adonis and Lucrece may be the search for a noble patron; but the Sonnets imply a literary circle of taste and wit in which Shakespeare moves with ease. Patronage is still an issue in these poems, with the poet promising immortality to the aristocratic youth, and another poet competing for his attention; but the patronage relationship is no longer simply a matter of dedications: it is here the subject of the poems, and is intense, intimate, and even at times explicitly erotic. That sense of intimacy was shared, too, by the ‘private friends’; the social world in which the Sonnets circulated was correspondingly complex and sophisticated.

1 The title page of the 1609 quarto

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It is disappointing, therefore, that none of the ‘sugred Sonnets’ have been found in commonplace books of the 1590s – a small number of the poems appear in manuscript compilations, but all date from after the publication of Thorpe’s 1609 quarto. Manuscript circulation typically involved a reciprocity between author and recipient, in the sense that the reception of manuscript poems was not passive. The gift of a poem really was a gift, its text often specifically reworked to appeal to a particular recipient; and the recipient treated it as a valued possession, copying it out – or more often having it copied by a professional scribe – into personal collections of favourite poems, bits of wisdom, and selections from his or her reading. Often the transcribed versions of the poems would include the recipient’s own revisions, so that the poem became even more definitively the owner’s, not the author’s; and often as not the author’s name would be indicated only by initials, or not at all. Such compilations give us a striking sense of how ambiguous the notion of literary property was in the period (whose poems are these, the author’s or the recipient’s?), and – especially important to emphasise – how little the circulation of literature, as opposed to its preservation, depended on the printing press.

What does it mean, then, that Shakespeare’s ‘private friends’ survive only in Meres’s report? Probably very little – certainly not that Meres was misinformed, or that none of them thought Shakespeare’s poetic gifts worth preserving. The survival rate of private papers from the age is low, and Meres’s claim is not in doubt. The fact that some of the poems were in fact in circulation is demonstrable from the appearance of two of the sonnets, in versions different from those of Thorpe’s 1609 quarto, in a miscellaneous collection of twenty poems called The Passionate Pilgrim published by William Jaggard in 1599. The whole volume is ascribed to Shakespeare on its title page,¹ though only five of the poems included, the two sonnets and three more excerpted from Love’s Labour’s Lost, are Shakespearean – the play had been published in 1598 with Shakespeare’s name on the title page. Four other sonnets, on the subject of Venus and Adonis but obviously not by Shakespeare, nevertheless enabled Jaggard to trade on the poet’s name by evoking his best‐known poem. Shakespeare clearly had nothing to do with the book’s publication, though there is no reason to consider it piratical: Jaggard was publishing a manuscript that he had acquired, or more probably assembled, perfectly legally; though the ascription of the whole volume to Shakespeare is undoubtedly a misrepresentation.

The two sonnets, versions of Thorpe’s 138 and 144, have generally been treated as earlier states of the texts, and have therefore been used as evidence – once again, the only evidence we have – of Shakespeare the lyric poet in the process of revision. This is a reasonable but not inevitable assumption: Thorpe’s copies certainly did not come from Shakespeare, any more than Jaggard’s did, and there is no way of knowing how many intermediate versions lay between the holographs and the printer’s copy. Some of the differences between Jaggard’s and Thorpe’s versions may instead reveal the tastes of one or two of the ‘private friends’, revising to suit their own sense of prosody and poetic language, or even to simplify poems they found too complex.

How Thomas Thorpe’s edition of the Sonnets got into print is unclear, but there is no reason to believe that the 1609 quarto was surreptitious. Thorpe had published play quartos, including Ben Jonson’s Volpone and Sejanus, and Shakespeare certainly might have given him a manuscript of sonnets to publish. The volume is, however, provided with a dedication by the publisher, not by the author, which suggests that Shakespeare was not involved in the matter. The dedication, ‘to the only begetter of these ensuing Sonnets Mr. W. H.’, has been the source of endless dispute and speculation, which is summarised in the Commentary to this edition. Suffice it to say here that if one thing is clear about the dedication, it is that Thorpe intended it to be teasingly obscure, and that if there is in fact a name behind the initials W. H., it is not one that any amount of close reading will extract. It is perhaps best to read W. H. as standing for ‘Whoever He (may be)’ – and therefore as an acknowledgement that Thorpe knew no more about the ‘begetter’ of the sonnets than we do. The manuscript, moreover, was not prepared with the sort of care evident in the texts of Venus and Adonis and Lucrece. It seems likely that Thorpe had some source other than the author for his copy, which also would not necessarily have been in Shakespeare’s hand. Whether Shakespeare approved of the publication or not is unknowable, but the issue would not have been a significant one: intellectual property is largely a modern concept, and the rights to the poems would have belonged to whoever owned the manuscript. Though there are occasional muddles in the book, Thorpe’s copy must have been clear enough, because the text is on the whole a satisfactory one. Its editorial problems are undeniable, but they are not, for the most part, the fault of the printer.

The volume concludes with a long Spenserian lament called A Lover’s Complaint, not included in this edition (see The Poems, edited by John Roe, 2006). Its text has fewer muddles, and its presence in the volume remains a puzzle. Thorpe obviously considered it an appropriate way of concluding the book, but whether Shakespeare did, or whether it was part of the same manuscript, or whether Shakespeare wrote it at all, are impossible to say with any certainty. Thorpe believed that he had done so, explicitly including Shakespeare’s name after the title – there is no reason to suspect any misrepresentation in this; Thorpe was a perfectly reputable publisher. But in cases where the author is not involved in a book’s publication, the ascription of even a reputable publisher in the period has only limited value.

To conclude a volume of Sonnets with a long poem was not unusual: Spenser’s Amoretti concludes with the Epithalamion, Drayton’s Delia with The Complaint of Rosamond. As for the question of authorship, critics remained dubious about the matter until the 1960s. The poem is in the same stanza form as Lucrece, but includes a number of archaisms uncharacteristic of Shakespeare, and forty-nine words or forms found nowhere else in his works. This vocabulary evidence against Shakespeare’s authorship has been countered by the argument that plays that are unquestionably Shakespearean often employ new vocabulary, and include new verbs made from nouns and newly invented compound adjectives, and that therefore the unusual and unique usages indicate, on the contrary, that the poem is in fact by Shakespeare. This argument may, of course, primarily constitute evidence of how manipulable stylometric analysis can be. In the past two decades, several impressive critical readings of the poem have insisted

2 Thomas Thorpe’s so-called ‘Dedication’ prefaced to the 1609 quarto

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that it is both authentically Shakespearean and has an integral place among the Sonnets.¹ Colin Burrow, in the most authoritative recent essay on Shakespeare’s poems, declares discussion about the poem’s attribution ‘definitively ended’.² But consensus remains elusive: Brian Vickers, shortly after the declaration of the definitive end of discussion, ascribed the poem to John Davies of Hereford.³ All one can say with absolute confidence is that to read the Sonnets as the readers of Thorpe’s quarto did – which is to say, as Shakespeare’s contemporaries did – one must take take A Lover’s Complaint into account.

Why, given the continuing success of Venus and Adonis and Lucrece, the Sonnets were not popular in 1609 is difficult to say, but it should make us take with a grain of salt the claim that Shakespeare’s name on a title page was enough to guarantee a publisher’s profit. The tantalising evidence of emotional turmoil and non-vanilla sex that makes them irresistible to us apparently was not a big selling point for Shakespeare’s contemporaries: it was in Sidney’s sonnets (which strike us as relentlessly literary) that early readers found the satisfactions of autobiography and erotic revelation. The usual explanation for the Shakespeare Sonnets’ neglect is that the vogue for sonnets was past; but in 1609 the vogue for Shakespeare certainly was not. The Sonnets in print remained what they had originally been: coterie literature, experimental and daring both linguistically and erotically, and seriously playful. The fact that their attractiveness to a coterie audience did continue is clear from the number of these sonnets that reappear in Jacobean and Caroline commonplace books: even after publication, people continued to copy the ones they liked, circulate them, make them their own. The number is admittedly small – there are twenty-five manuscript versions of only twelve sonnets out of the hundred and fifty-four – and this may suggest that the coterie had diminished significantly as well.⁴

Refashioning the Sonnets

There was no second edition of the Sonnets until 1640, twenty-four years after Shakespeare’s death. That edition, however, involved wholesale revision. The publisher John Benson, capitalising on the undiminished sales of Venus and Adonis, produced a volume of what looked to be not old-fashioned sonnets but new Shakespeare love poems. The transformation involved both format and erotics: many of the sonnets are run together, making them 28-line poems, and all are given titles, such as ‘True Admiration’, ‘Self-Flattery of her Beauty’, ‘An Entreaty for Her Acceptance’ – as the latter two indicate, most of the love poems addressed to the young man are now addressed to a woman. To

3 The title page and facing portrait of the 1640 Poems

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effect this, it was necessary only to change three masculine pronouns within the poems to feminine ones and supply a few gendered titles, but since the sonnets to the young man, as they are arranged in the volume, imply a fairly consistent narrative, the pronoun changes were sufficient to change the story. Benson’s motive for these revisions was probably less any nervousness about Shakespeare’s sexuality than a publisher’s desire to bring the poems up to date, and transform the book from an Elizabethan sonnet sequence to a volume of Cavalier love lyrics. As a marketing strategy, this was an old one: almost a century earlier, the publisher Richard Tottel had effected a similar transformation in Thomas Wyatt’s sonnets and lyrics, regularising the manuscript versions that came to his hand, and giving them sentimental titles when he published them in Songs and Sonnets (“Tottel’s Miscellany”) in 1559.

Benson’s volume was not a great success, and there was no subsequent edition until 1710, when a supplementary volume to Nicholas Rowe’s Shakespeare, edited by Charles Gildon and published by Jacob Tonson, reprinted Benson’s text. In the next year Bernard Lintot produced a competing edition that returned to the 1609 quarto, probably not through any devotion to authenticity, but merely as a way of circumventing Tonson’s copyright. Nevertheless, Benson’s revision remained the text of the Shakespeare Sonnets until late in the eighteenth century; and indeed, these versions of the poems were still being reprinted in the nineteenth century. The definitive return to the 1609 quarto was the work of Edmond Malone, who in 1780 produced an edition that finally brought the editing of the poems in line with the editing of the plays by taking the first published texts into account. It rationalised Thorpe’s text, certainly, but its clarifications have on the whole stood the test of time. In a few critical instances, however, Malone undertook wholesale rewriting to produce the kind of sense the eighteenth-century Shakespeare seemed to demand. The most famous of these involves a crux in Sonnet 129, ‘Th’expense of spirit in a waste of shame’. Here ‘lust in action’ is described, in the 1609 quarto, as ‘A blisse in proofe and proud and very wo’. The line continued to read this way, with minor adjustments to modernise spelling and punctuation, throughout the next century – through John Benson’s 1640 edition, Charles Gildon’s in 1710, and the numerous popular editions throughout the eighteenth century, until Malone’s, in which the line became ‘A bliss in proof, and prov’d, a very woe’. Thereafter, with very few demurrals, this became the line: Malone was acknowledged to have restored Shakespeare’s original.

Orthographically, the quarto’s ‘proud’ could in 1609 be read as either ‘proud’ or ‘provd’ – though for the latter, considering the compositor’s practice in the rest of the volume, ‘prou’d’ would have been the expected form – but, as with ‘travaill’ meaning both travail and travel in Shakespeare’s English, the reader of 1609 who saw ‘proved’ in the word would not have seen only that, and would have read it as both: provd retained the sense of proud. It is a sense, in fact, that we should certainly not edit out of the poem: ‘pride’, says the Bible, is what ‘goeth before . . . a fall’ (Proverbs 16:18) – before the sonnet’s ‘very woe’, before ‘this hell’, in which the poem ends. Proud also means erect, or tumescent (as in Sonnet 151, line 10), a usage still current today in the medical term ‘proud flesh’. Therefore, whatever Shakespeare intended, the most we may reasonably argue is that both readings are possible; or to put it more strongly, that the two readings are not separable. It should be emphasised, however, that there is no published evidence that anyone before 1780 ever read the word as anything but ‘proud’.⁶ Simply to eliminate one of the word’s senses, as Malone’s emendation does, is both to falsify the text and abolish its history.

But the transformation of ‘proud’ to ‘proved’ required Malone to make another revision in the line, less noticeable, though arguably even more radical: the change of the second ‘and’ to ‘a’, so that the clause reads not ‘and proud and very wo’ but ‘and prov’d, a very woe.’ This emendation transforms the view of sex from a tripartite act – a bliss both during action and when completed, and also true woe – to a simple before and after contrast, bliss in action, woe afterwards. There is no room for ‘proud’ in this neatly balanced pair. If the 1609 quarto (or, for that matter, Benson’s 1640 volume) was the form in which Donne, Jonson, Herbert, Milton, Marvell, Dryden read Shakespeare’s Sonnets, Malone’s poem is not the poem they read. But of course Malone’s poem has its history too. It is now not only our poem, but the poem of Keats, Wordsworth, Browning, Yeats, Eliot, Auden. Only Robert Graves and Laura Riding saw through it;⁷ but to return with them to the Shakespeare of Donne and Marvell is to abolish the Shakespeare of Keats and Yeats.

© Cambridge University Press
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Sonnets

By William Shakespeare

Steerforth Press

CHAPTER 1

(Continues...)

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Table of Contents

Title Page

Introduction

Dedication

The Sonnets

Index of First Lines

THE PELICAN SHAKESPEARE GENERAL EDITORS STEPHEN ORGEL A. R. BRAUNMULLER

The Sonnets

135

The playfully autobiographical (and wittily obscene) Sonnet 135 in its original form in the 1609 quarto, a good example of the ambiguities of early modern typography.

LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CATALOGING IN PUBLICATION DATA

Shakespeare, William, 1564-1616.
The sonnets / William Shakespeare ;
edited by Stephen Orgel ; with an introduction by John Hollander.
p. cm. - (The Pelican Shakespeare)

eISBN : 978-0-140-71453-1

\"},{\"id\":\"46198553T\",\"type\":\"Excerpt\",\"linkText\":\"Read an Excerpt\",\"typeId\":\"1005\",\"abbr\":\"EXC\",\"maxToDisplay\":\"1\",\"displayOrder\":\"4\",\"text\":\"

Table of Contents

Title Page

Introduction

Dedication

The Sonnets

Index of First Lines

THE PELICAN SHAKESPEARE GENERAL EDITORS STEPHEN ORGEL A. R. BRAUNMULLER

The Sonnets

135

The playfully autobiographical (and wittily obscene) Sonnet 135 in its original form in the 1609 quarto, a good example of the ambiguities of early modern typography.

LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CATALOGING IN PUBLICATION DATA

Shakespeare, William, 1564-1616.
The sonnets / William Shakespeare ;
edited by Stephen Orgel ; with an introduction by John Hollander.
p. cm. - (The Pelican Shakespeare)

eISBN : 978-0-140-71453-1

William Shakespeare was born in Stratford-upon-Avon, Warwickshire, in 1564. The date of his birth is not known but is traditionally 23 April, St George's Day. Aged 18, he married a Stratford farmer's daughter, Anne Hathaway. They had three children. Around 1585 William joined an acting troupe on tour in Stratford from London, and thereafter spent much of his life in the capital. A member of the leading theatre group in London, the Chamberlain's Men, which built the Globe Theatre and frequently performed in front of Queen Elizabeth I, Shakespeare wrote 36 plays and much poetry besides. 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Publishing","9781420955583","First published in 1609, “The Sonnets” of William Shakespeare are a collection of 154 loosely connected 14 line poems. Considered by many to be among some of the greatest love poetry ever written much debate surrounds the context of the poetry. It has been suggested that the work may be semi-autobiographical but no real evidence firmly supports this notion. The themes of the poems contained within this volume are varied and include such subjects as the passage of time, love, beauty, and mortality. Some scholars have interpreted the collection as a parody of the 300-year-old tradition of Petrarchan love sonnets. This analysis arises out of the fact that Shakespeare inverts conventional gender roles creating a more complex depiction of human love. Seen as a new type of love poetry when first written, “The Sonnets” largely languished in obscurity until the renewed interest in Shakespeare’s work which accompanied the Romantic literary movement of the 19th century. Regardless of Shakespeare’s intent behind the writing of “The Sonnets”, these poems can be appreciated individually or as a whole as examples of William Shakespeare’s true literary genius. This edition includes a preface and annotations by Henry N. 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","Shakespeare’s sonnets are love poems that explore the joy, the pain, the regret, and the transience of this most volatile of human sentiments. Readers will find that the sonnets mirror their own romantic experiences, as Shakespeare gives words to the feelings we have all felt at one time or another. First published in 1609, the sonnets still evoke romance and passion.",[4669,4670],{"_223":6802,"_234":6803},{"_225":6211,"_227":228},{"_225":6211,"_227":228},{"_223":6805,"_234":6806},{"_225":233,"_227":228},{"_225":233,"_227":228},{"_238":6808},[6809],{"_35":6810,"_59":6811,"_220":-5,"_61":6812,"_55":6813},"gid://shopify/ProductImage/49366794141936","https://cdn.shopify.com/s/files/1/0737/7593/9824/files/396130214.jpg?v=1753515738",626,940,{"_238":6815},[6816],{"_35":6817,"_191":6818},"gid://shopify/MediaImage/40920166465776",{"_35":6819,"_59":6811,"_220":-5,"_61":6812,"_55":6813},"gid://shopify/ImageSource/40952879120624",[6821],{"_251":252,"_4688":6822},[6823],{"_251":254,"_4691":6824,"_4699":-5},{"_229":120,"_242":-5,"_35":6825,"_191":6826,"_244":6827,"_246":6828,"_248":6829,"_255":6797,"_77":254,"_256":-5,"_4698":8},"gid://shopify/ProductVariant/47140813668592",{"_202":4994,"_35":6810,"_59":6811,"_220":-5,"_61":6812,"_55":6813},{"_225":6211,"_227":228},{"_77":6796,"_208":6797},[6830],{"_251":252,"_253":254},{"_229":120,"_242":-5,"_35":6825,"_191":6832,"_244":6833,"_246":6834,"_248":6835,"_255":6797,"_77":254,"_256":-5,"_4698":8},{"_202":4994,"_35":6810,"_59":6811,"_220":-5,"_61":6812,"_55":6813},{"_225":6211,"_227":228},{"_77":6796,"_208":6797},[6836],{"_251":252,"_253":254},[],{"_210":-5,"_77":-5},{"_253":6797},{"_253":207},{"_253":4714},{"_253":6843},"2009-09-01T04:00:00Z",{"_253":4720},{"_253":6846},"2009-08-28T04:00:00Z",{"_253":6848},"Barnes & Noble Edition",{"_253":6850},"184",{"_253":6261},{"_253":5644},{"_253":207},{"_253":4741},{"_253":6266},{"_253":4755},{"_253":4086},{"_253":5904},{"_253":5904},{"_4767":4768,"_253":6173},{"_4767":5908,"_253":6862},"[{\"Key\":\"BrowseMinutes\",\"Value\":\"60\"},{\"Key\":\"DCVendorName\",\"Value\":\"STERLING PUBLISHING\"},{\"Key\":\"DigitalSampleCode\",\"Value\":\"Y\"},{\"Key\":\"eGiftStatusCode\",\"Value\":\"Y\"},{\"Key\":\"FileSize\",\"Value\":\"1206462\"},{\"Key\":\"hasDRM\",\"Value\":\"1\"},{\"Key\":\"IngestionDCMerchNum\",\"Value\":\"66290\"},{\"Key\":\"isBrowsable\",\"Value\":\"1\"},{\"Key\":\"isEnhanced\",\"Value\":\"0\"},{\"Key\":\"isLoanable\",\"Value\":\"1\"},{\"Key\":\"LoanDays\",\"Value\":\"14\"},{\"Key\":\"MaxLoans\",\"Value\":\"1\"},{\"Key\":\"SampleEAN\",\"Value\":\"2981411428080\"},{\"Key\":\"SoldBy\",\"Value\":\"Barnes & Noble\"},{\"Key\":\"TextToSpeech\",\"Value\":\"1\"},{\"Key\":\"vendorId\",\"Value\":\"0025100206\"},{\"Key\":\"WebReadCode\",\"Value\":\"Y\"}]",[6864,6865,6866,6867,6868,6869,6870,6871,6873,6874,-5,-5,6875,-5,6877,6878,-5,-5,-5,6879,6880,-5,-5,-5,-5,6881,-5,-5,-5,6883,6884,-5,-5,-5],{"_264":265,"_266":297,"_253":4755},{"_264":265,"_266":4757,"_253":4086},{"_264":265,"_266":267,"_253":6278},{"_264":265,"_266":279,"_253":207},{"_264":265,"_266":282,"_253":207},{"_264":265,"_266":285,"_253":157},{"_264":265,"_266":289,"_253":6185},{"_264":265,"_266":293,"_253":6872},"[{\"id\":\"24811327T\",\"type\":\"Excerpt\",\"linkText\":\"Read an Excerpt\",\"typeId\":\"1005\",\"abbr\":\"EXC\",\"maxToDisplay\":\"1\",\"displayOrder\":\"1\",\"text\":\"Shakespeare’s sonnets are love poems that explore the joy, the pain, the regret, and the transience of this most volatile of human sentiments: Some of the poems evoke love’s joy, others its despair. Some decry the cruelty, others the waste, of unrequited love. Some mourn lost love, others exult in the new. Some refer to rival poets, others to rival suitors. Some are addressed to a young man, at times encouraging him to marry, at other times praising his youth and beauty, and still at other times complaining of his inconstancy and cold indifference. Some are composed to a “dark lady,” so called because of her swarthy complexion and black hair. Some express fear of high passion, others revel in it. Some dwell on the ravages of time upon the radiant glow of a young lover, declaring the poet’s devotion an ageless constant, others proclaim the lines of the poem itself an assurance of eternal youth.

Shakespeare’s sonnets first appeared as a quarto edition in 1609—a “quarto” was a small book about the size of a modern trade paperback. It is generally agreed, however, that the poet had nothing to do with the publication. There were no copyright laws in those days and a printer could reproduce any work he could get his hands on. Indeed, half of Shakespeare’s plays appeared in quartos during his career, none of them apparently with his approval or to his profit.

The 1609 edition is a bit of a puzzle. It appears that Shakespeare composed the sonnets some ten to fifteen years earlier. The first recorded recognition of the poems was a remark by a Francis Meyers in 1598, praising the “sugared sonnets” passed around in manuscript “among his private friends,” and two of them appeared the following year in a miscellany entitled The Passionate Pilgrime. So everything we know points to the conclusion that the sonnets were composed during the mid-1590s, when Shakespeare was in his early thirties. One must wonder why they were not published until so many years later.

Equally puzzling is the aforementioned evidence that the poet played no part in the publication of his sonnets, raising the question as to how they came into the possession of the printer. A short dedication in the opening pages of the book seems to raise more questions than it answers: “To the only begetter of the ensuing sonnets, Mr. W. H.” It is signed “T. T.,” identified as Thomas Thorpe, a well-known printer at the time. How the sonnets came into his possession is unknown, as is the identity of W. H. If we interpret “the begetter” not as the poet himself but as the source or the inspiration of the sonnets, we are offered some suggestive possibilities.

The most plausible proposal for the identity of W. H. takes us back to the sonnets themselves. Of the 154 poems in the collection, numbers 1–126 are addressed to a young man, 127–154 to the so-called “dark lady” (the 1609 quarto numbered them conveniently and they have been so identified ever since). Aside from the questions raised by the fact that Shakespeare addressed some of the most passionate love poems in the English language to another man, it is widely believed that the inspiration for these sonnets was Henry Wriothesley (pronounced “Rizley”), the Earl of Southampton. If so, it is unclear why the “begetter,” is “W. H.” and not “H. W.” and why an earl is addressed as “Mr.” It has been suggested that since gentlemen of the time considered it beneath their dignity to engage in any activity as common as publication, Thorpe inverted the initials to avoid embarrassing Wriothesely but cleverly kept them so that the earl could be properly acknowledged.

A sonnet is a highly structured poem, and it is helpful to our enjoyment of any work or activity if we are familiar with that structure from the outset. Modern poets tend to find conformity to a traditional design unnecessarily confining to the creative spirit, but such was not the case in Shakespeare’s time. Poets of his day felt that form was an integral part of meaning and were accustomed to compose in an established tradition. In doing so, they invited comparison to their renowned predecessors as well as their contemporary rivals, whose art they sought to match or surpass. The first edition of John Milton’s epic poem Paradise Lost appeared in ten books, but he revised it for the second in twelve, again inviting comparison to the twenty-four books of Homer’s Iliad and the twelve of Virgil’s Aeneid, thereby declaring himself the English heir to their fame. Practical matters as well determined the length and scope of a work. Shakespeare himself acknowledged that he was restrained by his audiences’ impatience with a play longer than a “two hours’ traffic o’our stage.”

A familiarity with the form, structure, and length of the sonnet is therefore critical to our appreciation of these poems, providing us with a frame of reference, a place to stand, in experiencing art. Briefly, a sonnet is a poem of fourteen lines, each of which consists of ten syllables. A musical rhythm is achieved by accenting every other syllable in a line starting with the second, as in “That time of year thou mayst in me behold,” a meter referred to as iambic pentameter. A musical sound is achieved by adherence to a regular rhyme scheme, described in an alphabetical shorthand as “ABAB CDCD,” indicating that the final syllable of line 1 is echoed by the one in line 3, that of line 2 by the one in line 4, and so forth, as in:

That time of year thou mayst in me behold

When yellow leaves, or none, or few, do hang

Upon those boughs which shake against the cold,

Bare ruin’d choirs, where late the sweet birds sang.

(Sonnet 73, punctuation and spelling are modernized)

The rhyme scheme of sonnets in fact comes in two varieties. The fourteenth–century poet Petrarch is said to have been the first to compose the sonnet form in a series of poems lamenting the indifference of an unresponsive Laura. His rhyme scheme divided the poem’s fourteen lines into two parts of eight, the “octave,” and six, the “sestet,” or in the aforementioned shorthand, ABBA ABBA CDE CDE (though the sestet could vary, e.g., CDCD EE). This division lent itself to a variety of rhetorical patterns, a question and answer, for example, an assertion followed by a denial, or something in the order of “on the one hand, on the other.” Hence, line 9 of the poem often began with “but,” “yet,” or “so,” indicating an alternative, or “turn,” to the sentiment of the octave.

The English, or Elizabethan, sonneteers, however, adopted a rhyme scheme of ABAB CDCD EFEF GG, that is, three four-line rhymes, called quatrains, followed by a concluding couplet. This is sometimes called a Shakespearean sonnet, but, though he is certainly the most well-known of poets to employ it, the scheme was first designed by the English poets Surrey and Wyatt over half a century earlier. This arrangement lent itself to a different kind of development, three variations on a theme, for example, ending in a summary couplet, or three successive images capped by a couplet that drew meaning from them, or allusions to a loved one’s beauty, virtue, and compassion, concluding with a declaration of eternal devotion.

Since this is the prevailing structure of Shakespeare’s sonnets, it will be helpful to consider one of them in detail, offering the reader a model for the appreciation of the other 153. So let us turn again to the justly admired sonnet 73. The poet, addressing an unnamed, apparently younger lover, dwells on the prospect of his own approaching death, concluding in the couplet that he should therefore be loved all the more since he will soon be gone:

That time of year thou mayst in me behold A

When yellow leaves, or none, or few, do hang B

Upon those boughs which shake against the cold, A

Bare ruin’d choirs, where late the sweet birds sang. B

In me thou see’st the twilight of such day C

As after sunset fadeth in the west; D

Which by and by black night doth take away, C

Death’s second self, that seals up all in rest. D

In me thou see’st the glowing of such fire, E

That on the ashes of his youth doth lie, F

As the death-bed whereon it must expire E

Consum’d with that which it was nourish’d by. F

This thou perceiv’st, which makes thy love more strong, G

To love that well which thou must leave ere long. G

The quatrains evoke a sense of ending—the year in the late fall’s bare trees, the day in the setting of the sun, and the dying fire—as they move in time from a season to a day to a final moment and in place from the outer world to the intimate space of the fireside. The couplet asks for a sympathetic response to the sentiment. Not all of Shakespeare’s sonnets are as carefully crafted as this one, with its imagery of autumn, twilight, and the fading embers of life, but they all follow the same pattern. And in some the poet, while adhering to the English rhyme scheme, occasionally adopts the Petrarchan “turn” with its “buts” and “yets,” as in sonnets 18, 29, 30, 62, 106, and 138.

Some critics have suggested that the sonnets record actual experiences in Shakespeare’s life, that, for example, the love poems addressed to Wriothesely reveal an erotic relationship with the young man, and that those to the “dark lady” are a personal history of his troubled relationship with her. The sonnets certainly ring with the sound of sincere obsession, but one must acknowledge the ability of a consummate poet to create art from any experience, however slight or profound. Wriothesely, was a potential patron. Shakespeare had already dedicated two long poems, Venus and Adonis and The Rape of Lucrece, to the wealthy earl, and the sonnets can be seen as yet another effort to attract that patronage. If he was indeed the person addressed in the sonnets—and there is no certainty in the matter—they may be seen simply as yet another appeal for his patronage.

It was not unusual for men of the time to characterize their relationship with male friends in terms of “love”. Shakespeare’s plays abound in such expressions: Iago, for example repeatedly pleads his “love” for Othello, and the Moor assures Cassio, “I love thee.” Romeo speaks of his “love” for his new cousin Tybalt, and Hamlet his for Laertes as they grapple over Ophelia’s grave. In this context sonnet 73 can be read as but a flight of poetic fancy. At the time, the poet, far from languishing in his golden years in somber contemplation of his deathbed, was a vigorous man in his early thirties and Wriothesley but nine years his junior. We do an injustice to Shakespeare’s art by reading it as autobiography, but then we know so little of his life that the temptation to seek him out in his lines is irresistible.

Aside from the numerous sonnets that praise the beloved’s youth and beauty, the reader will find many others that range widely over the experience:

The poet is not modest about his art. He claims that the loved one will defeat time, having been rendered immortal by the poems’ lines: “So till the judgement that your self arise, / You live in this, and dwell in lovers’ eyes” (sonnet 55, “this” being the poem); “And yet to times in hope, my verse shall stand / Praising thy worth, despite his cruel hand” (sonnet 60).

He complains about his lover’s rejection and pleads for pity: “Thine eyes I love, and they as pitying me, / Knowing thy heart torments me with disdain” (sonnet 132); “Be wise as thou art cruel, do not press / My tongue-tied patience with too much disdain” (sonnet 140).

He is distressed by the heat of his passion:

Th’expense of Spirit in a waste of shame

Is lust in action, and till action, lust

Is perjured, murderous, bloody, full of shame.

Savage, extreme, rude, cruel, not to trust.

(sonnet 129)

His devotion is unchanging and eternal: “Love’s not time’s fool, though rosy lips and cheeks / Within his bending sickle’s compass come” (sonnet 116).

As we have seen in sonnet 73, he tends to exaggerate his age in a plea for sympathy: “No longer mourn for me when I am dead” (sonnet 71); “…my days are past the best” (sonnet 138).

He grieves at the prospect of parting: “How heavy do I journey on the way” and “My grief lies onward and my joy behind” (sonnet 50); “From where thou art, why should I haste me thence?” (sonnet 51).

Readers have identified the lover addressed in sonnets 127– 154 as the “dark lady” on the basis of a few reference to her coloring: “Therefore my mistress’ eyes are raven black” (sonnet 127). And sonnet 130 is a parody of the preference of chivalric romances for a fair-haired and fair-complexioned lady, distant and unattainable: “My mistress’ eyes are nothing like the sun” and “If hairs be wires, black wires grow on her head.”

Thus, these poems of love can be read with pleasure by members of any generation, be they young or old. The young, perhaps caught up in a similar passion, will welcome lines that give voice to the joy and pain of such a time in ways they themselves might find difficult to put into words. Elder readers will look back with sympathetic nostalgia on romantic exploits of their youth, shaking their heads in disbelief at the memory of their early follies or recalling sadly a moment of neglect when love slipped away. All, then, will find in the sonnets a mirror of their own days.

Robert Thomas Fallon, now retired, is an Emeritus Professor of English at LaSalle University in Philadelphia. He is the author of four books published on Shakespeare and three on John Milton.

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That time of year thou mayst in me behold

When yellow leaves, or none, or few, do hang

Upon those boughs which shake against the cold,

Bare ruin’d choirs, where late the sweet birds sang.

(Sonnet 73, punctuation and spelling are modernized)

That time of year thou mayst in me behold A

When yellow leaves, or none, or few, do hang B

Upon those boughs which shake against the cold, A

Bare ruin’d choirs, where late the sweet birds sang. B

In me thou see’st the twilight of such day C

As after sunset fadeth in the west; D

Which by and by black night doth take away, C

Death’s second self, that seals up all in rest. D

In me thou see’st the glowing of such fire, E

That on the ashes of his youth doth lie, F

As the death-bed whereon it must expire E

Consum’d with that which it was nourish’d by. F

This thou perceiv’st, which makes thy love more strong, G

To love that well which thou must leave ere long. G

Aside from the numerous sonnets that praise the beloved’s youth and beauty, the reader will find many others that range widely over the experience:

He is distressed by the heat of his passion:

Th’expense of Spirit in a waste of shame

Is lust in action, and till action, lust

Is perjured, murderous, bloody, full of shame.

Savage, extreme, rude, cruel, not to trust.

(sonnet 129)

His devotion is unchanging and eternal: “Love’s not time’s fool, though rosy lips and cheeks / Within his bending sickle’s compass come” (sonnet 116).

As we have seen in sonnet 73, he tends to exaggerate his age in a plea for sympathy: “No longer mourn for me when I am dead” (sonnet 71); “…my days are past the best” (sonnet 138).

Robert Thomas Fallon, now retired, is an Emeritus Professor of English at LaSalle University in Philadelphia. He is the author of four books published on Shakespeare and three on John Milton.

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by William Shakespeare

\"Shakespeare's sonnets, or simply The Sonnets, is a collection of poems in sonnet form written by William Shakespeare that deal with such themes as love, beauty, politics, and mortality. They were probably written over a period of several years. All 154 poems appeared in a 1609 collection, entitled SHAKE-SPEARE's SONNETS, comprising 152 previously unpublished sonnets and two poems, numbers 138 (\"When my love swears that she is made of truth\") and 144 (\"Two loves have I, of comfort and despair\"), that had previously been published in a 1599 miscellany entitled The Passionate Pilgrim.

The Sonnets were published under conditions that have become unclear to history. Although the works were written by Shakespeare, it is not known if the publisher, Thomas Thorpe, used an authorized manuscript from him, or an unauthorized copy. Also, there is a mysterious dedication at the beginning of the text wherein a certain \"Mr. W.H.\" is described as \"the onlie begetter\" of the poems by the publisher Thomas Thorpe, but it is not known who this man was. The dedication refers to the poet as \"Ever-Living\", a phrase which has helped fuel the Shakespearean authorship debate due to its use as an epithet for the deceased (Shakespeare himself used the phrase in this way in Henry VI, part 1 (IV, iii, 51-2) describing the dead Henry V as \"[t]hat ever-living man of memory\"). Authorship proponents believe this phrase indicates that the real author of the sonnets was dead by 1609, whereas Shakespeare of Stratford lived until 1616. Adding further to the authorship debate, Shakespeare's name is hyphenated on the title page and on the top of every other page in the book.

The first 17 sonnets are written to a young man, urging him to marry and have children, thereby passing down his beauty to the next generation. These are called the procreation sonnets. Most of them, however, 18-126, are addressed to a young man expressing the poet's love for him. So

Other Titles of William Shakespeare Books

1. Alls Well That Ends Well
2. Antony and Cleopatra
3. As You Like It
4. Comedy of Errors
5. Coriolanus
6. Cymbeline
7. Hamlet
8. Julius Caeser
9. King Henry the Fourth Part I
10. King Henry the Eighth
11. King Henry the Fifth
12. King Henry the Fourth Part II
13. King Henry The Sixth Part I
14. King Henry The Sixth Part II
15. King Henry the Sixth Part III
16. King John
17. King Lear
18. King Richard the Second
19. King Richard the Third
20. Loves Labour Lost
21. Macbeth
22. A Lovers Complaint
23. Measure for Measure
24. Merchant of Venice
25. Merry Wives of Windsor
26. Midsummers' Night Dream
27. Much Ado About Nothing
28. Othello
29. Pericles Prince of Tyre
30. Rape of Lucrece
31. Romeo and Juliet
32. Taming of the Shrew
33. Tempest
34. The Winter's Tale
35. Timon of Athens
36. Titus Andronicus
37. Troilus and Cressida
38. Twelfth Night
39. Two Gentlemen of Verona
40. Two Noble Kinsmen
41. Venus and Adonis

For additional information on publishing your books on iPhone and iPad please visit www.AppsPublisher.com","Sonnetsby William Shakespeare\"Shakespeare's sonnets, or simply The Sonnets, is a collection of poems in sonnet form written by William Shakespeare that deal with such themes as love, beauty, politics, and mortality. They were probably written over a period of several years. All 154 poems appeared in a 1609 collection, entitled SHAKE-SPEARE's SONNETS, comprising 152 previously unpublished sonnets and two poems, numbers 138 (\"When my love swears that she is made of truth\") and 144 (\"Two loves have I, of comfort and despair\"), that had previously been published in a 1599 miscellany entitled The Passionate Pilgrim.The Sonnets were published under conditions that have become unclear to history. Although the works were written by Shakespeare, it is not known if the publisher, Thomas Thorpe, used an authorized manuscript from him, or an unauthorized copy. Also, there is a mysterious dedication at the beginning of the text wherein a certain \"Mr. W.H.\" is described as \"the onlie begetter\" of the poems by the publisher Thomas Thorpe, but it is not known who this man was. The dedication refers to the poet as \"Ever-Living\", a phrase which has helped fuel the Shakespearean authorship debate due to its use as an epithet for the deceased (Shakespeare himself used the phrase in this way in Henry VI, part 1 (IV, iii, 51-2) describing the dead Henry V as \"[t]hat ever-living man of memory\"). Authorship proponents believe this phrase indicates that the real author of the sonnets was dead by 1609, whereas Shakespeare of Stratford lived until 1616. Adding further to the authorship debate, Shakespeare's name is hyphenated on the title page and on the top of every other page in the book.The first 17 sonnets are written to a young man, urging him to marry and have children, thereby passing down his beauty to the next generation. These are called the procreation sonnets. Most of them, however, 18-126, are addressed to a young man expressing the poet's love for him. SoOther Titles of William Shakespeare Books 1. Alls Well That Ends Well 2. Antony and Cleopatra 3. As You Like It 4. Comedy of Errors 5. Coriolanus 6. Cymbeline 7. Hamlet 8. Julius Caeser 9. King Henry the Fourth Part I 10. King Henry the Eighth 11. King Henry the Fifth 12. King Henry the Fourth Part II 13. King Henry The Sixth Part I 14. King Henry The Sixth Part II 15. King Henry the Sixth Part III 16. King John 17. King Lear 18. King Richard the Second 19. King Richard the Third 20. Loves Labour Lost 21. Macbeth 22. A Lovers Complaint 23. Measure for Measure 24. Merchant of Venice 25. Merry Wives of Windsor 26. Midsummers' Night Dream 27. Much Ado About Nothing 28. Othello 29. Pericles Prince of Tyre 30. Rape of Lucrece 31. Romeo and Juliet 32. Taming of the Shrew 33. Tempest 34. The Winter's Tale 35. Timon of Athens 36. Titus Andronicus 37. Troilus and Cressida 38. Twelfth Night 39. Two Gentlemen of Verona 40. Two Noble Kinsmen 41. 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Then of thy beauty do I question make
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Table of Contents

Title Page

Introduction

Dedication

The Sonnets

Index of First Lines

THE PELICAN SHAKESPEARE GENERAL EDITORS STEPHEN ORGEL A. R. BRAUNMULLER

The Sonnets

135

The playfully autobiographical (and wittily obscene) Sonnet 135 in its original form in the 1609 quarto, a good example of the ambiguities of early modern typography.

LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CATALOGING IN PUBLICATION DATA

Shakespeare, William, 1564-1616.
The sonnets / William Shakespeare ;
edited by Stephen Orgel ; with an introduction by John Hollander.
p. cm. - (The Pelican Shakespeare)

eISBN : 978-0-140-71453-1

\"},{\"id\":\"49220855T\",\"type\":\"Excerpt\",\"linkText\":\"Read an Excerpt\",\"typeId\":\"1005\",\"abbr\":\"EXC\",\"maxToDisplay\":\"1\",\"displayOrder\":\"2\",\"text\":\"

Sonnets

By William Shakespeare

Steerforth Press

CHAPTER 1

(Continues...)

\"},{\"id\":\"4883437T\",\"type\":\"Excerpt\",\"linkText\":\"Read an Excerpt\",\"typeId\":\"1005\",\"abbr\":\"EXC\",\"maxToDisplay\":\"1\",\"displayOrder\":\"3\",\"text\":\"

Table of Contents

Title Page

Introduction

Dedication

The Sonnets

Index of First Lines

THE PELICAN SHAKESPEARE GENERAL EDITORS STEPHEN ORGEL A. R. BRAUNMULLER

The Sonnets

135

The playfully autobiographical (and wittily obscene) Sonnet 135 in its original form in the 1609 quarto, a good example of the ambiguities of early modern typography.

LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CATALOGING IN PUBLICATION DATA

Shakespeare, William, 1564-1616.
The sonnets / William Shakespeare ;
edited by Stephen Orgel ; with an introduction by John Hollander.
p. cm. - (The Pelican Shakespeare)

eISBN : 978-0-140-71453-1

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Sonnets

By William Shakespeare

Steerforth Press

CHAPTER 1

(Continues...)

\"},{\"id\":\"4883437T\",\"type\":\"Excerpt\",\"linkText\":\"Read an Excerpt\",\"typeId\":\"1005\",\"abbr\":\"EXC\",\"maxToDisplay\":\"1\",\"displayOrder\":\"2\",\"text\":\"

Table of Contents

Title Page

Introduction

Dedication

The Sonnets

Index of First Lines

THE PELICAN SHAKESPEARE GENERAL EDITORS STEPHEN ORGEL A. R. BRAUNMULLER

The Sonnets

135

The playfully autobiographical (and wittily obscene) Sonnet 135 in its original form in the 1609 quarto, a good example of the ambiguities of early modern typography.

LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CATALOGING IN PUBLICATION DATA

Shakespeare, William, 1564-1616.
The sonnets / William Shakespeare ;
edited by Stephen Orgel ; with an introduction by John Hollander.
p. cm. - (The Pelican Shakespeare)

eISBN : 978-0-140-71453-1

\"},{\"id\":\"46198553T\",\"type\":\"Excerpt\",\"linkText\":\"Read an Excerpt\",\"typeId\":\"1005\",\"abbr\":\"EXC\",\"maxToDisplay\":\"1\",\"displayOrder\":\"3\",\"text\":\"

Table of Contents

Title Page

Introduction

Dedication

The Sonnets

Index of First Lines

THE PELICAN SHAKESPEARE GENERAL EDITORS STEPHEN ORGEL A. R. BRAUNMULLER

The Sonnets

135

The playfully autobiographical (and wittily obscene) Sonnet 135 in its original form in the 1609 quarto, a good example of the ambiguities of early modern typography.

LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CATALOGING IN PUBLICATION DATA

Shakespeare, William, 1564-1616.
The sonnets / William Shakespeare ;
edited by Stephen Orgel ; with an introduction by John Hollander.
p. cm. - (The Pelican Shakespeare)

eISBN : 978-0-140-71453-1

William Shakespeare was born in Stratford-upon-Avon, Warwickshire, in 1564. The date of his birth is not known but is traditionally 23 April, St George's Day. Aged 18, he married a Stratford farmer's daughter, Anne Hathaway. They had three children. Around 1585 William joined an acting troupe on tour in Stratford from London, and thereafter spent much of his life in the capital. A member of the leading theatre group in London, the Chamberlain's Men, which built the Globe Theatre and frequently performed in front of Queen Elizabeth I, Shakespeare wrote 36 plays and much poetry besides. 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