Meet Stan, Patch the dog, and Little Red Tractor and read about their busy lives on Gosling Farm.

Stan and Little Red Tractor are taking sacks of wheat to Stumpy's Mill for grinding into flour. Then Stan spies a kitten stuck on one of the windmill's sails. He rescues her, but only after his world has turned upside down!

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Peter Geoffrey Tye: A Hampshire boy, who grew up in the rural community of Hartley Wespall, joined the Royal Navy at the age of fifteen and completed eight years service. Peter then embarked on a marketing career which led to copy writing and in 1977, the setting up of his own business from number 87 Fleet Street. From his 4th floor office he looked at the Daily Express building at the front, over St. Bride’s churchyard at the rear, and provided a business writing service to blue chip companies in the City of London.

Peter’s involvement with children’s entertainment began in 1993, when he produced Colin Reeder’s Little Red Tractor Stories for video and following Colin’s untimely death, wrote new Little Red Tractor stories for TV and book publication.

Peter Tye lives in Norfolk where he is an enthusiastic, if very average golfer, and enjoys sailing his Yeoman dingy on The Broads.

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Over the past few years, Brianna Wiest has gained renown for her deeply moving, philosophical writing. This new compilation of her published work features pieces on why you should pursue purpose over passion, embrace negative thinking, see the wisdom in daily routine, and become aware of the cognitive biases that are creating the way you see your life.

Some of these pieces have never been seen; others have been read by millions of people around the world. Regardless, each will leave you thinking: This idea changed my life.

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Some of these pieces have never been seen; others have been read by millions of people around the world. Regardless, each will leave you thinking: This idea changed my life.

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This is a professionally-formatted, free flowing ebook reproduction of unique, up-to-date guides produced by the Department of Defense that provide comprehensive information about all aspects of life in South Korea, with a special emphasis on geography, history, the economy, society, security and military matters, religion, traditions, urban and rural life, ethnic groups, crime, the environment, government, holidays, gender issues and much more.

CHAPTER 1: GEOGRAPHY * Introduction * Geography and Topographic Features * The Central Mountains * The Southern Plain * The Southwestern Plain * Climate * Bodies of Water * East China Sea * Yellow Sea (West Sea) * Sea of Japan (East Sea) * Strait of Korea * The Naktong River * The Han River * The Kum River * Major Cities * Seoul * Busan * Incheon * Daegu * Daejon * Gwangju * Environmental Concerns * Natural Hazards * CHAPTER 1 ASSESSMENT * CHAPTER 2: HISTORY * Introduction * Korean Origins * The Three Kingdoms * The Unified Silla Kingdom (668-935) * The Koryo (918-1392) * The Chosun Dynasty (1392-1910) * Japanese Colonialism (1910-1945) * A Divided Nation (1945-1949) * The Korean War * The Aftermath of War * On the Road to Democracy (1961-1987) * Modern Korea (1987-2012) * Recent Events * CHAPTER 2 ASSESSMENT * CHAPTER 3: ECONOMY * Introduction * Agriculture * Fishing * Manufacturing/Industry * Energy * Natural Resources * Trade * Tourism * Banking and Finance * Standard of Living * Employment Trends * Outlook * CHAPTER 3 ASSESSMENT * CHAPTER 4: SOCIETY * Introduction * Ethnic Groups and Languages * Religion * Shamanism * Buddhism * Christianity * Cuisine * Traditional Dress * Gender Issues * Arts * Pottery * Painting * Literature * Dance * Music * Folklore * Sports and Recreation * Taekwondo * Sheeruhm * Soccer * Baseball * Archery * Traditional Games * CHAPTER 4 ASSESSMENT * CHAPTER 5: SECURITY * Introduction * Relations with the United States * Relations with Neighbors * North Korea * China * Japan * Russia * Police * Military * Issues Affecting Stability * North Korea * Energy * Political Violence * Demographics * CHAPTER 1: PROFILE * Introduction * Geography * Climate * Bodies of Water * Major Cities * Seoul * Busan * Incheon * Daegu * Daejon * Gwangju * History * The Three Kingdoms (108 B.C.E.-918) * The Koryo (918-1392) * The Chosun Dynasty (1392-1910) * Japanese Occupation and the Korean War (1910-1953) * On the Road to Democracy (1953-1987) * Modern Korea (1987-2012) * Government * Media * Economy * Ethnic Groups and Languages * Chapter 1 Assessment * CHAPTER 2: RELIGION * Overview * Major Religions * Shamanism * Buddhism * Christianity * Religion and Government * Influence of Religion in Daily Life * Religious Holidays * Buildings of Worship * Churches and Cathedrals * Temples * Behavior in Buildings of Worship * Churches * Temples * Chapter 2 Assessment * CHAPTER 3: TRADITIONS * Introduction * Formulaic Codes of Politeness * Male/Female Interaction * Hospitality and Gift Giving * Eating Habits * Eating Out * Drinking Culture and Rituals * Dress Codes * Nonreligious Holidays * New Year's Day * Seollal (Lunar New Year) * Gookgyongil (Independence Day or National Day) * Labor Day * Uhleenee nal (Children's Day) * Ahbahee nal (Parents' Day) * Hyunchoonil (Memorial Day) * Gwangbokjol (Liberation Day) * Chuseok (Harvest Moon Festival) * Gaechunjul (National Foundation Day) * Hangul nal (Hangul Proclamation Day) * Dos and Don'ts * Chapter 3 Assessment * CHAPTER 4: URBAN LIFE * Introduction * Work Problems in Urban Areas * Urban Healthcare * Education * Restaurants * Marketplace and Street Vendors * Transportation * Cars and Motorcycles * Taxis * Subways * Buses * Trains * Ferries and Airplanes * Urban Crime * Chapter 4 Assessment * CHAPTER 5: RURAL LIFE * Introduction * Land Distribution and Rural Development * Economy * Transportation * Rural Healthcare * Education * Who's in Charge? * Border Crossings and Checkpoints * Landmines

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50% Off Active Print Subscribers. If you currently subscribe to the U.S. print edition of Elle, you can receive your NOOK Subscription at a 50% discount every month for as long as you subscribe to both editions. Select the monthly subscription button and begin your 14 day free trial. An email will then be sent to you with instructions to redeem your FREE offer.

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Two leading, bestselling experts on the Gnostic Gospels weigh in on the meaning of the controversial newly discovered Gospel of Judas.

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King\",\"jobName\":\"Author\",\"sequenceNumber\":11},{\"contributorId\":3996190,\"fullName\":\"Robertson Dean\",\"jobName\":\"Narrated by\",\"sequenceNumber\":12},{\"contributorId\":5102151,\"fullName\":\"Justine Eyre\",\"jobName\":\"Narrated by\",\"sequenceNumber\":13}]",{"_266":267,"_268":281,"_255":4784},"Audiobook (MP3)",{"_266":267,"_268":284,"_255":4674},{"_266":267,"_268":291,"_255":4787},"211",{"_266":267,"_268":295,"_255":4789},"[{\"id\":\"4903624T\",\"type\":\"Short Editorial\",\"linkText\":\"From Barnes & Noble\",\"typeId\":\"1008\",\"abbr\":\"REV\",\"maxToDisplay\":\"255\",\"displayOrder\":\"1\",\"text\":\"When The Gospel of Judas was published in 2006, critics trumpeted it as \\\"a biblical discovery [that] rocks the world of scholars and laypeople alike.\\\" Now that the ground has settled a bit, one can truly ponder the significance of an early Christian document that presents Judas the betrayers as Jesus' most intimate disciple. In numerous books, Elaine Pagels and Karen L. King have established themselves as credible authorities on early Christian literature. Their Reading Judas places this rediscovered Gospel within the context of competing New Testament period texts. \"},{\"id\":\"5201047T\",\"type\":\"Review\",\"linkText\":\"From The Critics\",\"typeId\":\"1002\",\"abbr\":\"REV\",\"maxToDisplay\":\"255\",\"displayOrder\":\"2\",\"text\":\"In their slim but excellent Reading Judas, Elaine Pagels and Karen L. King rightly focus on the text's ancient and provocative theology rather than on the codex's modern and tortured history, with King also providing a new and very well annotated translation of this early Christian document.
— The Washington Post\"},{\"id\":\"5307317T\",\"type\":\"Review\",\"linkText\":\"From The Critics\",\"typeId\":\"1002\",\"abbr\":\"REV\",\"maxToDisplay\":\"255\",\"displayOrder\":\"3\",\"text\":\"

The Gospel of Judas represents the most baffling in a series of recently unearthed noncanonical manuscripts that bring to light divergent accounts of Christ's life and ministry. Robertson Dean reads King's translation of the ancient text with frequent pauses to note gaps of missing or untranslatable words and sentences. The main section of Pagels and King's book, narrated by Justine Eyre with occasional support from Dean who gives voice to individual historical figures, offers compelling insights about why the Gospel of Judas threatened the burgeoning religious hierarchy of the second century A.D. and how this often unsettling narrative ultimately manages to provide a surprising vision of heavenly grace amid the ravages of flawed earthly spiritual leadership. Drawing from their extensive expertise regarding contemporary understandings of the Gnostic gospels, the analysis the authors present will no doubt generate valuable theological dialogue. Yet the enigmatic nature of the source material may remain a stumbling block for listeners, and general audiences hoping for Gnosticism 101 may need to search elsewhere. Simultaneous release with the Viking hardcover(Apr.)

Copyright 2007 Reed Business Information \"},{\"id\":\"5080854T\",\"type\":\"Review\",\"linkText\":\"From The Critics\",\"typeId\":\"1002\",\"abbr\":\"REV\",\"maxToDisplay\":\"255\",\"displayOrder\":\"4\",\"text\":\"Who but Pagels (joined by Harvard Divinity professor King) to assess the Gospel of Judas? With a five-city tour. Copyright 2006 Reed Business Information. \"},{\"id\":\"5889875T\",\"type\":\"Review\",\"linkText\":\"From The Critics\",\"typeId\":\"1002\",\"abbr\":\"REV\",\"maxToDisplay\":\"255\",\"displayOrder\":\"5\",\"text\":\"

The story of Judas is one of the most fascinating in the Gospels of the New Testament. Using the recent manuscript fragments discovered by the National Geographic Society, wellknown religion scholars Pagels (The Gnostic Gospels) and King (Magdala) have written a lively discussion regarding the questions this Gnostic gospel creates. They work from King's translation of the fragmentary gospel, employing their collective knowledge to present a fascinating study of the contrasts between good and evil, the still compelling stories of how Christianity evolved, and the complex nature of human suffering and redemption. Well written and researched, this book provides clues as to how the contemporary vision of Jesus compares with the view of Jesus 1900 years ago. The reading by Justine Eyre and Robertson Dean provides an excellent pointcounterpoint approach to the questions of what the lost writings have to say about the nature of God, the relationship between Jesus and Judas, the complicated-and sometimes conflicting-relationships between the other disciples of Jesus and Judas, and the insights Judas has to offer into the teachings of Jesus. Reading Judasis highly recommended for both public and academic libraries with large audio and/or religion collections. [Books on Tape also has a version available: 5 CDs. unabridged. 5½ hrs. 2007. \"},{\"id\":\"42992303T\",\"type\":\"Reading Group Guide\",\"linkText\":\"Reading Group Guide\",\"typeId\":\"1021\",\"abbr\":\"RGG\",\"maxToDisplay\":\"1\",\"displayOrder\":\"1\",\"text\":\"INTRODUCTION
The earliest accounts of the betrayal of Jesus are tantalizingly spare. The Gospel of Mark narrates that Judas “went to the chief priests in order to betray him,” but why would Judas do that, and who was this person who turned Jesus over to the authorities? Starting from these earliest accounts, the authors of new gospels, letters, and revelations wrote and rewrote the story of Judas Iscariot, the betrayer of Jesus. The Gospel of Judas, recently discovered in the desert but dating from the first centuries of Christianity, adds a striking new voice to this collection. In this gospel, Jesus imparts his true teaching to Judas, and he instructs Judas to hand him over. For the Christians who read this gospel, it was Judas Iscariot who passed down to them the Christian message. As Elaine Pagels and Karen L. King explain, the Gospel of Judas does not tell us who Judas really was. Instead, the lost gospel helps us to see how Christians have always been reading Judas, retelling the story of the betrayal in different ways for different reasons.

But in the history of Christianity not all retellings have been viewed as equal. The bishop of Lyon in the second century condemned the Gospel of Judas as heretical and a “fictitious history.” While the New Testament gospels and letters were recopied through the ages, only this one text of the Gospel of Judas has been preserved for us today. What do we get from this new gospel? Why should we read it today? Pagels and King say that the point is not to reopen the Christian canon but to engage with the diversity of ways that Christians have lived and have understood their world.

In particular, the Gospel of Judas shows us a group of Christians who reacted against the spread of religious violence in God’s name and who rebelled against what they saw as the false piety of other Christians. The interpretation of the text inReading Judas brings cutting-edge historical methods and data to bear on a gospel that could otherwise appear deeply obscure. The Gospel of Judas shockingly depicts the twelve disciples as priests committing idolatry by offering human sacrifice, probably an allusion to bishops who exhorted their followers to die as martyrs at the hands of the Romans. Pagels and King explain that in the parlance of the first centuries of Christianity, this story attacked Christian leaders who claimed authority for their beliefs and practices by claiming they had been handed down from the twelve disciples. By depicting the twelve disciples in such a negative light, the Gospel of Judas reacts against this violence with anger; anyone who encourages others to martyrdom, it implies, might as well offer human sacrifice upon an unholy altar.

Such conflict and imagery may still seem far distant from a modern reader, but Pagels and King offer a few ways that we might read Judas today. The full-throated denunciation of the twelve disciples and the churches that honored them shows us how debate and disagreement characterized early Christian communities as much as they do modern ones. Coming out of an experience of religious violence, the anger of the Gospel of Judas is frightening, and it manifests both anti-Judaism and homophobia. In today’s world, when religious violence appears a global phenomenon, the Gospel of Judas shows us the impact of such violence on one community—and shows one Christian response to it: a message of hopefulness in the life of the soul that is the gospel’s conclusion.

ABOUT THE AUTHORS

Karen L. King is Winn Professor of Ecclesiastical History at Harvard University and the author of four previous books, including The Gospel of Mary of Magdala and What is Gnosticism?. She lives in Cambridge, Massachusetts.

Elaine Pagels is Harrington Spear Paine Professor of Religion at Princeton University and the author of six previous books, including The Gnostic Gospels (winner of the National Book Critics Circle Award and the National Book Award) and the New York Times bestseller Beyond Belief. She lives in Princeton, New Jersey.

A CONVERSATION WITH KAREN L. KING
Q. This is the first book you have co-written. How did you come to work together on this project, and how did you go about writing a book with another scholar? Do you have any plans for future collaborations?

A. Only a few days after National Geographic Society released the text of the Gospel of Judas, Elaine and I were having breakfast together in Boston. The initial information the Society put out didn’t really get at the core issues, and so we thought, let’s do a book together. We’ve known each other for years. Elaine was first a mentor to me, now a colleague and friend. Right now, we are both busy with other projects and haven’t talked about any further collaborative work.

Q. Even though the Gospel of Judas was lost for centuries, historians knew that it existed at one time, because it was mentioned in an ancient book about heresies. There are surely other books out there that you know existed but have been lost and that could be found again with a stroke of luck. Are there any books you particularly hope might be discovered, and why?

A. Over the last centuries, more than thirty early Christian writings have been found that were previously unknown. Many of these were uncovered in one sensational discovery near the town of Nag Hammadi in 1945, but others continue to come to light. Not only the Gospel of Judas and the other works in the Tchachos Codex, but an unknown gospel called the Gospel of the Savior was published only recently. Given these fortuitous finds, we can almost surely expect that other early Christian writings are yet to be discovered.

Is there any book I would particularly like us to find? I would never have dreamed that a gospel attributed to Mary of Magdala would surface—and yet it did. Perhaps we might find other writings written by or attributed to women; these would restore to us yet more of the contributions that ancient women made to forming Christianity.

Q. Though people knew this gospel existed, no one really knew what it said. Is there anything in it that particularly surprised you?

A. From the brief mention made by the early heresy-hunter Irenaeus we expected the gospel to portray Judas as the hero. But he is, at best, an ambiguous hero. What was most surprising was the angry condemnation of Jesus’ twelve male disciples, and the reason that they were portrayed that way. The book is not really about the events of Jesus’ arrest and death&mash;we learn nothing new there—but about Christian struggles to understand the meaning of Jesus’ death in the face of Roman persecution of Christians in the second century. The author is furious with Christian leaders who are encouraging believers to die by arguing that God requires sacrifice to atone for sin. Instead, the author argues that people who portray God that way are worshipping false gods. The truth is that the God of Jesus dwells in the heavenly heights beyond this world of chaos and oblivion. Jesus’ teaching leads people to a spiritual relation to God, not to atoning sacrifice.

Q. Do you have a favorite passage from the Gospel of Judas? Which one, and why?

A. There is much in this gospel that I dislike rather heartily—its violence, anti-Judaism, and homophobia. But I do like the way it interprets the name of Eve, which translates into Greek as Zoe, and in both Greek and Hebrew means “life.” In the Gospel of Judas 13.1¬–4, Jesus teaches Judas that the lower creator said to his angels: “ ‘Let us create a human being [ac]cording to the likeness and according to the image.’ Then they formed Adam and his wife, Eve. But in the cloud, she was called ‘Zoe’ (‘Life’). For in this name all the races shall seek after it (life).” The translators of the National Geographic version interpret the passage differently, claiming that by Eve’s name “all the generations seek him (Adam).” This makes no sense to me—why would anyone seek Adam with Eve’s name? Rather it is life that they are seeking, and for the Gospel of Judas this higher life of the spirit is represented by the figure of Eve. Although unfamiliar to many readers, this interpretation is not at all unique. It is very close to interpretations of Genesis found in other early Christian literature, like the Secret Revelation of John or theHypostasis of the Archons (a revelation ascribed to Eve’s daughter Norea), in which Eve is portrayed as the spiritual mother of the living and superior to Adam. These stories let us see that the reading of Genesis that blames Eve—and women generally—for all human suffering and death was not the only meaning that early Christians saw in the creation story. They could also regard her role as “mother of the living” to be primary.

Q. Reading Judas tells the story of early Christians who were left out of the historical record, people who lost in the struggle to determine who would run the Christian church. Why do you believe it is important to bring their story to light, and what can it teach readers today?

A. History is always told from the perspective of the winners. Recovering alternative voices that were lost can restore a deeper understanding of the tradition we have by showing the paths that were not taken. In the case of the Gospel of Judas, we learn that some Christians strongly objected to the idea that God desired the death of his son and his followers as a sacrifice. In the end they lost out, and the developing orthodoxies came to center more and more on a theology of sin, guilt, and atonement. I don’t think we should abandon that part of the Christian heritage, but I think it needs to be significantly critiqued and balanced by other modes of Christian theology also found in the Bible. The new gospels have the potential to let us hear the many voices already within the canonical tradition: a renewed emphasis on the teachings of Jesus; prophetic proclamation of justice and the kingdom of God; appreciation for the fact that all humanity is created in the image of God; theologies that stress that the human body is the site of God’s presence in the world; and wisdom theology which asks believers to take a stand at the resurrection in emphasizing life and goodness. All these and more can be found inside the tradition once one begins to look.

All religious traditions contain within them plural possibilities for a range of belief and action. History shows us that communities select from within that tradition what they will appropriate and enact—and therefore I believe it is important for people to accept responsibility for what they do in the name of religion. In my opinion, no text or teaching, no dogma or practice, is always “safe” such that following it will lead automatically to doing good. There is too much evidence of the Bible being used for violence and evil. As an educator, my view is that it is crucially important to develop the skills to engage and appropriate tradition in ways that are both critical and informed in order to address responsibly the complex roles of religion in our complex world.

Q. You argue that in the Gospel of Judas, the disciple Judas is the good guy, the one disciple who receives Jesus’ true message. Some people have said that in this gospel Judas is actually the bad guy. When Jesus tells him, “You will surpass them all,” these scholars say, that means that Judas will be the most wicked of all the disciples. How do you respond to this criticism? Why do they read the Gospel of Judas differently?

A. The Gospel of Judas is struggling with some very difficult issues, and its author is very angry. In trying to oppose the views of bishops who claimed the authority of the twelve apostles, the author attacks the disciples as idolaters. To do that he needs a figure inside the story who can convey Jesus’ true teaching—and the obvious choice is Judas. Yet Judas is at best an ambiguous figure; even in the Gospel of Judas he is the one who will hand Jesus over to his executioners. That conclusion to the story alone is enough to make readers ask if Judas is really being portrayed as the hero of the gospel. And there are other places as well where Judas doesn’t seem to understand Jesus’ teaching, Jesus himself laughs at him and tells him that his star is leading him astray, and Judas is repeatedly told that he will suffer. The damaged condition of the manuscript doesn’t help either, since crucial passages are missing. One piece of grammar in particular is difficult, an odd construction of a verb that could be translated either as Judas asking Jesus “What benefit have I received because you separated me for that (heavenly) race?” or “because you separated me from that (heavenly) race?” (GosJudas 9:26). According to the second reading, Judas never makes it to eternal life in the heavenly realms at all. I have two basic problems with this reading. The first is that it means no one is ever saved; Jesus apparently comes down merely to mock everyone. Who would write such a gospel, and why would it be translated and preserved for at least three centuries? The second problem is that many Christian texts portray the disciples as not understanding, so there is nothing odd about Judas being portrayed that way. The best example is the Gospel of Mark, which scholars believe originally ended at 16:8 “They (the women who discovered the empty tomb) went out and fled from the tomb; for trembling and astonishment had come upon them; and they said nothing to any one, for they were afraid.” Later scribes “fixed” this astonishing conclusion by attaching various endings clarifying the situation. My point is that Judas’ misunderstandings serve the author’s purposes very well. Making Judas the willing but ignorant disciple who needs to be instructed provides opportunities for Jesus to instruct readers about his true teaching. In the end, the author follows the well-known gospel plot and has Judas hand Jesus over, but just as the readers of the Gospel of Mark know that Jesus has risen from the dead as he foretold, so too readers of the Gospel of Judas know that Jesus has ascended above and that they too can ascend to the heavenly realms if they accept the teachings of Jesus about the true God and turn away from idolatry and sacrifice to false gods.

Q. Some other scholars say that the Gospel of Judas was written by Gnostics, a known group of early Christian heretics. In Reading Judas, you do not talk about the writer as a Gnostic or a heretic. How did you decide not to use those words in talking about the newly discovered gospel?

A. In my book What is Gnosticism? I argue at length that the term “Gnosticism” is a late invention that has more to do with keeping the boundaries of orthodoxy in place than with describing the history of early Christian controversies. Indeed just listing the ways in which the Gospel of Judas is “heresy” from the viewpoint of triumphant “orthodoxy” only repeats what we already know—that it was on the side of those who lost the battle to define Christianity. But avoiding the terms “Gnostic” or “heretic” can help readers imaginatively place themselves back in the time when Christians were dying for God and issues about martyrdom, idolatry, and sacrifice were hot topics of debate. These early Christians were struggling to understand why God allowed Jesus to die, and why even after his resurrection believers continue to be persecuted. We lose our perspective on these issues if we don’t first try to understand this gospel in its historical context before we evaluate its theological value or lack of value.

Q. You talk about being disturbed by the anger, homophobia, and anti-Judaism of the Gospel of Judas. Did coming to understand the position of the Gospel of Judas give you any new ways of thinking about these continuing problems in the present day?

A. I think the Gospel of Judas helped me understand better how the violence, persecution, and oppression that is perpetrated against a group has consequences for relationships within the group itself. How do those who suffer persecution and oppression avoid giving that violence a place within their thinking and practice—or can they? I think the Gospel of Judas is both an example of how anger can be turned inward and directed toward other members of one’s group and also an attempt to stand against such violence, even if it is ultimately a deeply flawed attempt. But perhaps most important, the gospel exposes how Christian theology was forged in fundamental ways in a context of violence and persecution. That gives me pause.

Q. You talk about the modern significance of the Gospel of Judas in terms of religious violence. In the Roman empire, Christians were being killed by the government because of their religion. Modern religious violence often looks quite different, in clashes of different religious groups within and between states. What connections do you see between the religious violence to which Judas responds and the violence that is so widespread in the world today? What can we learn about our present situation from reading this ancient book?

A. I think we can learn to look more closely at violence being done in the name of religion, and in the name of God, if we do so through the lenses of violence within our own tradition. If we know that wherever there is violence and oppression there is also resistance to violence and oppression, we can understand better that people not only resist those who oppress them, but they also have to deal with the violence that enters their own communities. We can assume, too, that within any community there are those who are angry and frustrated with members of their own communities who commit acts of violence in the name of God.

Q. Reading Judas has debuted as a bestseller. How do you account for the popularity of this book? Why do you think the reading public has such an appetite for books about the first centuries of Christianity?

A. I think quite simply that people are looking for the truth. They want to deepen their spiritual lives. Learning about the alternative voices within the tradition allows people to see that early Christians were struggling with many of the issues people face today about sexuality and violence, and death and redemption. In many ways the new gospels give people permission to ask, to seek, to move beyond those who declare that religion is fixed, that one can only accept or reject it. They understand that spiritual growth is a matter of questioning and growing—which means questioning the new gospels as well.

Q. What are the next projects you are working on?

A. My larger project is to write a fuller and more accurate account of early Christian history, one which incorporates the newly discovered early Christian texts in order to show the dynamics of how Christianity was formed in the first centuries. Probably it is an overly ambitious goal, but I think it is important to have a larger vision of what one wants to achieve. Currently I am working on ancient notions of the human body, including sexuality, emotions, aging, and death. The question is how are assumptions about what it means to be human tied to the formulation of (and controversies over) fundamental Christian theological notions about incarnation, resurrection, sin, and salvation. I want to know how such beliefs were put into practice, where the controversies were, what was at stake, and for whom. How are shifting views of bodily nature in our own time, not least medical views, linked to contemporary Christian controversies?

DISCUSSION QUESTIONS

In most of what we read about Judas, he is portrayed as the bad guy, the one who betrayed Jesus. Now we have an ancient gospel that says this wasn’t the case, that in fact Judas was Jesus’ closest ally and only betrayed Jesus at Jesus’ own request. Does “getting the other side of the story” like this make you think differently about the other stories about Judas you have heard?

Pagels and King say that reading the Gospel of Judas helps to show how much disagreement there was in the early Christian church. In your opinion, was there more, or less disagreement among Christians compared with the situation today? Are people arguing today about the same issues as in the early church, or are they different?

In the Gospel of Judas, the criticism of other Christians gets so strong that perhaps they two sides could never have been reconciled. What do you think was said in the Gospel of Judas that could not be forgiven? Can you imagine what other people might have said to the author of the Gospel of Judas that the gospel was then responding to? What situations can you think of in your life where people’s beliefs are so strong and so opposed that they cannot be reconciled?

Pagels and King explain that the stories about Judas were being told and retold by early Christians, and they show that the New Testament gospel stories about Judas are very different, even conflicting. Does it help you to think about the early Christian writings, or the Christian Bible, as being full of differences and perhaps contradictions? Does the Bible remind you of a story being told by one person, by many people who agree on “the basics” but not on other things, or by people with fundamental disagreements? Do you think of it as one story or many? Why?

The Gospel of Judas was probably written in response to a situation where Christians were in danger of being persecuted or even killed by the Roman government. Can you think of any situations in the world where people are in danger because of their beliefs, and anywhere they strike back in anger or even with violence? What insight does theGospel of Judas give you into this sort of mindset? Discuss the possible positive as well as negative aspects of such an angry point of view.

The usual portraits of early Christian history portray the martyrs as heroes of the faith, but Pagels and King claim that this is only part of the story. The violence against Christians also brought dissention into the early churches. Do you see examples of violence, persecution, or oppression undermining communities today? How could oppressed groups deal with that violence in ways that did not lead to further violence among themselves? Can you think of positive examples in our own time?

The hopeful message of the Gospel of Judas might come from its statement that the souls of the faithful will always live on in peace after death. How exactly does the Gospel of Judas talk about the soul? Do you recognize their understanding of the soul and body as being similar to yours? Does it help you to think about the life of the soul when you are going through a difficult time? Do you think that people who feared persecution might have special reasons to think about the salvation of their souls instead of their bodies? What problems might there be in placing your hope in the soul instead of the body?

The Gospel of Judas says that through Eve all of humanity will find life. This is a different story of Adam and Eve from the one you get in many other Christian texts. Do you think this story of Adam and Eve can be reconciled with the story in the book of Genesis? Where is it different, and where is it in agreement? How might it be helpful to understand the book of Genesis through the story in the Gospel of Judas?

The Gospel of Judas is not in the Christian canon. Pagels and King say that they do not believe that it should be. What is their argument against putting this gospel in the canon? What do you think about Christians adding the Gospel of Judas to the canon? What would change about Christianity, for better or worse, if they did?

If you are a member of a Christian church, how would you suggest that the Gospel of Judas be used in your community, if at all? If you are a member of a non-Christian religious community, do you think your community could use the Gospel of Judas?

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Karen L. King is Winn Professor of ecclesiastical history at Harvard Divinity School.
Elaine Pagels is Harrington Spear Paine Professor of religion at Princeton University.\"}]",{"_266":267,"_268":4724,"_255":4663},{"_266":267,"_268":307,"_255":4727},{"_266":267,"_268":303,"_255":4729},{"_266":267,"_268":4794,"_255":3951},"quantityLimit",{"_266":267,"_268":4796,"_255":4797},"webCategoriesName","[\"Awards\",\"Best Books of the Year\",\"Best Books of the Year 2007\",\"Washington Post Best Books of 2007\",\"Washington Post Best Religion Books of 2007 \",\"Nonfiction\",\"Bibles & Christianity\",\"Bibles & Bible Studies\",\"Apocrypha \",\"Religion\",\"Christianity \",\"Biblical Figures - Bible Studies \"]",{"_266":267,"_268":4799,"_255":4800},"webCategories","[{\"categoryId\":\"2864486\",\"displayName\":\"Awards\",\"displayWeight\":200,\"typeId\":128,\"isSignificant\":false},{\"categoryId\":\"2915780\",\"displayName\":\"Best Books of the Year\",\"displayWeight\":100,\"typeId\":129,\"isSignificant\":false},{\"categoryId\":\"1425643\",\"displayName\":\"Best Books of the Year 2007\",\"displayWeight\":100,\"typeId\":84,\"isSignificant\":false},{\"categoryId\":\"1429234\",\"displayName\":\"Washington Post Best Books of 2007\",\"displayWeight\":100,\"typeId\":85,\"isSignificant\":false},{\"categoryId\":\"1429249\",\"displayName\":\"Washington Post Best Religion Books of 2007 \",\"displayWeight\":140,\"typeId\":86,\"isSignificant\":false},{\"categoryId\":\"3635767\",\"displayName\":\"Nonfiction\",\"displayWeight\":200,\"typeId\":128,\"isSignificant\":false},{\"categoryId\":\"2816021\",\"displayName\":\"Bibles & Christianity\",\"displayWeight\":200,\"typeId\":128,\"isSignificant\":false},{\"categoryId\":\"830597\",\"displayName\":\"Bibles & Bible Studies\",\"displayWeight\":170,\"typeId\":11,\"isSignificant\":false},{\"categoryId\":\"394488\",\"displayName\":\"Apocrypha \",\"displayWeight\":160,\"typeId\":12,\"isSignificant\":true},{\"categoryId\":\"2816047\",\"displayName\":\"Religion\",\"displayWeight\":200,\"typeId\":128,\"isSignificant\":false},{\"categoryId\":\"914293\",\"displayName\":\"Christianity \",\"displayWeight\":180,\"typeId\":24,\"isSignificant\":false},{\"categoryId\":\"684489\",\"displayName\":\"Biblical Figures - Bible Studies \",\"displayWeight\":160,\"typeId\":12,\"isSignificant\":false}]",{"_266":267,"_268":364,"_255":4802},"MP3",{"_266":267,"_268":4730,"_255":4732},{"_266":267,"_268":4733,"_255":4735},"linkedProducts",[4807,4911,4978,5076,5167],{"_4808":4809},"node",{"_37":4810,"_79":4660,"_4661":4811,"_210":4812,"_214":4813,"_212":4814,"_4666":4667,"_4668":4667,"_4670":4815,"_208":4816,"_223":4817,"_232":4821,"_4682":4824,"_4690":4830,"_4697":4836,"_4714":4847,"_4721":4853,"_4557":4854,"_4724":4855,"_307":4856,"_303":4857,"_4730":4858,"_4733":4860,"_4736":-5,"_4737":4862,"_273":-5,"_4740":4864,"_57":4866,"_63":4868,"_4741":4870,"_4742":4872,"_4743":4874,"_284":4876,"_4631":4877,"_4747":-5,"_4748":-5,"_259":-5,"_4749":4878,"_4752":4880,"_4755":-5,"_4756":-5,"_299":4882,"_4759":-5,"_4760":4883,"_4762":4884,"_4765":4885,"_4767":4887,"_4772":-5,"_4773":-5,"_4777":-5,"_262":4889},"gid://shopify/Product/9194872963312","Penguin Publishing Group","9780143113164","

The instant New York Times bestseller interpreting the controversial long-lost gospel

","The instant New York Times bestseller interpreting the controversial long-lost gospel The recently unearthed Gospel of Judas is a source of fascination for biblical scholars and lay Christians alike. Now two leading experts on the Gnostic gospels tackle the important questions posed by its discovery, including: How could any Christian imagine Judas to be Jesus' favorite? And what kind of vision of God does the author offer? Working from Karen L. King's brilliant new translation, Elaine Pagels and King provide the context necessary for considering its meaning. Reading Judas plunges into the heart of Christianity itself and will stand as the definitive look at the gospel for years to come.",[4672,4673],"Paperback",{"_225":4818,"_236":4820},{"_227":4819,"_229":230},"16.0",{"_227":4819,"_229":230},{"_225":4822,"_236":4823},{"_227":235,"_229":230},{"_227":235,"_229":230},{"_240":4825},[4826],{"_37":4827,"_61":4828,"_222":-5,"_63":4829,"_57":320},"gid://shopify/ProductImage/47746865135856","https://cdn.shopify.com/s/files/1/0737/7593/9824/files/620061111.jpg?v=1744462159",1291,{"_240":4831},[4832],{"_37":4833,"_193":4834},"gid://shopify/MediaImage/39282360877296",{"_37":4835,"_61":4828,"_222":-5,"_63":4829,"_57":320},"gid://shopify/ImageSource/39303121404144",[4837],{"_253":254,"_4700":4838},[4839],{"_253":256,"_4703":4840,"_4713":-5},{"_231":122,"_244":-5,"_37":4841,"_193":4842,"_246":4843,"_248":4844,"_250":4845,"_257":4812,"_79":256,"_258":-5,"_4712":122},"gid://shopify/ProductVariant/47022083670256",{"_204":4707,"_37":4827,"_61":4828,"_222":-5,"_63":4829,"_57":320},{"_227":4819,"_229":230},{"_79":4660,"_210":4812},[4846],{"_253":254,"_255":256},{"_231":122,"_244":-5,"_37":4841,"_193":4848,"_246":4849,"_248":4850,"_250":4851,"_257":4812,"_79":256,"_258":-5,"_4712":122},{"_204":4707,"_37":4827,"_61":4828,"_222":-5,"_63":4829,"_57":320},{"_227":4819,"_229":230},{"_79":4660,"_210":4812},[4852],{"_253":254,"_255":256},[],{"_212":-5,"_79":-5},{"_255":4812},{"_255":4727},{"_255":4729},{"_255":4859},"2008-02-26T05:00:00Z",{"_255":4861},"false",{"_255":4863},"2008-02-22T05:00:00Z",{"_255":4865},"224",{"_255":4867},"7.75",{"_255":4869},"5.06",{"_255":4871},"0.61",{"_255":4873},"18.0",{"_255":4875},"17.0",{"_255":4816},{"_255":4746},{"_255":4879},"[{\"contributorId\":336236,\"firstName\":\"Elaine\",\"lastName\":\"Pagels\",\"jobName\":\"Author\",\"jobPrimary\":true,\"jobType\":\"Creative\",\"sequenceNumber\":1},{\"contributorId\":175442,\"firstName\":\"Karen L.\",\"lastName\":\"King\",\"jobName\":\"Author\",\"jobPrimary\":false,\"jobType\":\"Creative\",\"sequenceNumber\":2}]",{"_255":4881},"Reprint",{"_255":4758},{"_255":4037},{"_255":4764},{"_255":4886},"BK",{"_4769":4770,"_255":4888},"TP",[4890,4891,4892,4894,4895,-5,4896,4898,4900,4901,4902,-5,-5,-5,4904,-5,-5,-5,-5,4905,4907,-5,-5,-5,-5,-5,-5,-5,-5,4909,4910,-5,-5,-5],{"_266":267,"_268":299,"_255":4758},{"_266":267,"_268":4760,"_255":4037},{"_266":267,"_268":269,"_255":4893},"[{\"contributorId\":336236,\"fullName\":\"Elaine Pagels\",\"jobName\":\"Author\",\"sequenceNumber\":1},{\"contributorId\":175442,\"fullName\":\"Karen L. King\",\"jobName\":\"Author\",\"sequenceNumber\":2}]",{"_266":267,"_268":281,"_255":4816},{"_266":267,"_268":284,"_255":4816},{"_266":267,"_268":291,"_255":4897},"121",{"_266":267,"_268":295,"_255":4899},"[{\"id\":\"42992303T\",\"type\":\"Reading Group Guide\",\"linkText\":\"Reading Group Guide\",\"typeId\":\"1021\",\"abbr\":\"RGG\",\"maxToDisplay\":\"1\",\"displayOrder\":\"1\",\"text\":\"INTRODUCTION
The earliest accounts of the betrayal of Jesus are tantalizingly spare. The Gospel of Mark narrates that Judas “went to the chief priests in order to betray him,” but why would Judas do that, and who was this person who turned Jesus over to the authorities? Starting from these earliest accounts, the authors of new gospels, letters, and revelations wrote and rewrote the story of Judas Iscariot, the betrayer of Jesus. The Gospel of Judas, recently discovered in the desert but dating from the first centuries of Christianity, adds a striking new voice to this collection. In this gospel, Jesus imparts his true teaching to Judas, and he instructs Judas to hand him over. For the Christians who read this gospel, it was Judas Iscariot who passed down to them the Christian message. As Elaine Pagels and Karen L. King explain, the Gospel of Judas does not tell us who Judas really was. Instead, the lost gospel helps us to see how Christians have always been reading Judas, retelling the story of the betrayal in different ways for different reasons.

But in the history of Christianity not all retellings have been viewed as equal. The bishop of Lyon in the second century condemned the Gospel of Judas as heretical and a “fictitious history.” While the New Testament gospels and letters were recopied through the ages, only this one text of the Gospel of Judas has been preserved for us today. What do we get from this new gospel? Why should we read it today? Pagels and King say that the point is not to reopen the Christian canon but to engage with the diversity of ways that Christians have lived and have understood their world.

In particular, the Gospel of Judas shows us a group of Christians who reacted against the spread of religious violence in God’s name and who rebelled against what they saw as the false piety of other Christians. The interpretation of the text inReading Judas brings cutting-edge historical methods and data to bear on a gospel that could otherwise appear deeply obscure. The Gospel of Judas shockingly depicts the twelve disciples as priests committing idolatry by offering human sacrifice, probably an allusion to bishops who exhorted their followers to die as martyrs at the hands of the Romans. Pagels and King explain that in the parlance of the first centuries of Christianity, this story attacked Christian leaders who claimed authority for their beliefs and practices by claiming they had been handed down from the twelve disciples. By depicting the twelve disciples in such a negative light, the Gospel of Judas reacts against this violence with anger; anyone who encourages others to martyrdom, it implies, might as well offer human sacrifice upon an unholy altar.

Such conflict and imagery may still seem far distant from a modern reader, but Pagels and King offer a few ways that we might read Judas today. The full-throated denunciation of the twelve disciples and the churches that honored them shows us how debate and disagreement characterized early Christian communities as much as they do modern ones. Coming out of an experience of religious violence, the anger of the Gospel of Judas is frightening, and it manifests both anti-Judaism and homophobia. In today’s world, when religious violence appears a global phenomenon, the Gospel of Judas shows us the impact of such violence on one community—and shows one Christian response to it: a message of hopefulness in the life of the soul that is the gospel’s conclusion.

ABOUT THE AUTHORS

Karen L. King is Winn Professor of Ecclesiastical History at Harvard University and the author of four previous books, including The Gospel of Mary of Magdala and What is Gnosticism?. She lives in Cambridge, Massachusetts.

Elaine Pagels is Harrington Spear Paine Professor of Religion at Princeton University and the author of six previous books, including The Gnostic Gospels (winner of the National Book Critics Circle Award and the National Book Award) and the New York Times bestseller Beyond Belief. She lives in Princeton, New Jersey.

A CONVERSATION WITH KAREN L. KING
Q. This is the first book you have co-written. How did you come to work together on this project, and how did you go about writing a book with another scholar? Do you have any plans for future collaborations?

Q. Even though the Gospel of Judas was lost for centuries, historians knew that it existed at one time, because it was mentioned in an ancient book about heresies. There are surely other books out there that you know existed but have been lost and that could be found again with a stroke of luck. Are there any books you particularly hope might be discovered, and why?

A. Over the last centuries, more than thirty early Christian writings have been found that were previously unknown. Many of these were uncovered in one sensational discovery near the town of Nag Hammadi in 1945, but others continue to come to light. Not only the Gospel of Judas and the other works in the Tchachos Codex, but an unknown gospel called the Gospel of the Savior was published only recently. Given these fortuitous finds, we can almost surely expect that other early Christian writings are yet to be discovered.

Q. Though people knew this gospel existed, no one really knew what it said. Is there anything in it that particularly surprised you?

Q. Do you have a favorite passage from the Gospel of Judas? Which one, and why?

A. There is much in this gospel that I dislike rather heartily—its violence, anti-Judaism, and homophobia. But I do like the way it interprets the name of Eve, which translates into Greek as Zoe, and in both Greek and Hebrew means “life.” In the Gospel of Judas 13.1¬–4, Jesus teaches Judas that the lower creator said to his angels: “ ‘Let us create a human being [ac]cording to the likeness and according to the image.’ Then they formed Adam and his wife, Eve. But in the cloud, she was called ‘Zoe’ (‘Life’). For in this name all the races shall seek after it (life).” The translators of the National Geographic version interpret the passage differently, claiming that by Eve’s name “all the generations seek him (Adam).” This makes no sense to me—why would anyone seek Adam with Eve’s name? Rather it is life that they are seeking, and for the Gospel of Judas this higher life of the spirit is represented by the figure of Eve. Although unfamiliar to many readers, this interpretation is not at all unique. It is very close to interpretations of Genesis found in other early Christian literature, like the Secret Revelation of John or theHypostasis of the Archons (a revelation ascribed to Eve’s daughter Norea), in which Eve is portrayed as the spiritual mother of the living and superior to Adam. These stories let us see that the reading of Genesis that blames Eve—and women generally—for all human suffering and death was not the only meaning that early Christians saw in the creation story. They could also regard her role as “mother of the living” to be primary.

Q. Reading Judas tells the story of early Christians who were left out of the historical record, people who lost in the struggle to determine who would run the Christian church. Why do you believe it is important to bring their story to light, and what can it teach readers today?

A. History is always told from the perspective of the winners. Recovering alternative voices that were lost can restore a deeper understanding of the tradition we have by showing the paths that were not taken. In the case of the Gospel of Judas, we learn that some Christians strongly objected to the idea that God desired the death of his son and his followers as a sacrifice. In the end they lost out, and the developing orthodoxies came to center more and more on a theology of sin, guilt, and atonement. I don’t think we should abandon that part of the Christian heritage, but I think it needs to be significantly critiqued and balanced by other modes of Christian theology also found in the Bible. The new gospels have the potential to let us hear the many voices already within the canonical tradition: a renewed emphasis on the teachings of Jesus; prophetic proclamation of justice and the kingdom of God; appreciation for the fact that all humanity is created in the image of God; theologies that stress that the human body is the site of God’s presence in the world; and wisdom theology which asks believers to take a stand at the resurrection in emphasizing life and goodness. All these and more can be found inside the tradition once one begins to look.

Q. You argue that in the Gospel of Judas, the disciple Judas is the good guy, the one disciple who receives Jesus’ true message. Some people have said that in this gospel Judas is actually the bad guy. When Jesus tells him, “You will surpass them all,” these scholars say, that means that Judas will be the most wicked of all the disciples. How do you respond to this criticism? Why do they read the Gospel of Judas differently?

A. The Gospel of Judas is struggling with some very difficult issues, and its author is very angry. In trying to oppose the views of bishops who claimed the authority of the twelve apostles, the author attacks the disciples as idolaters. To do that he needs a figure inside the story who can convey Jesus’ true teaching—and the obvious choice is Judas. Yet Judas is at best an ambiguous figure; even in the Gospel of Judas he is the one who will hand Jesus over to his executioners. That conclusion to the story alone is enough to make readers ask if Judas is really being portrayed as the hero of the gospel. And there are other places as well where Judas doesn’t seem to understand Jesus’ teaching, Jesus himself laughs at him and tells him that his star is leading him astray, and Judas is repeatedly told that he will suffer. The damaged condition of the manuscript doesn’t help either, since crucial passages are missing. One piece of grammar in particular is difficult, an odd construction of a verb that could be translated either as Judas asking Jesus “What benefit have I received because you separated me for that (heavenly) race?” or “because you separated me from that (heavenly) race?” (GosJudas 9:26). According to the second reading, Judas never makes it to eternal life in the heavenly realms at all. I have two basic problems with this reading. The first is that it means no one is ever saved; Jesus apparently comes down merely to mock everyone. Who would write such a gospel, and why would it be translated and preserved for at least three centuries? The second problem is that many Christian texts portray the disciples as not understanding, so there is nothing odd about Judas being portrayed that way. The best example is the Gospel of Mark, which scholars believe originally ended at 16:8 “They (the women who discovered the empty tomb) went out and fled from the tomb; for trembling and astonishment had come upon them; and they said nothing to any one, for they were afraid.” Later scribes “fixed” this astonishing conclusion by attaching various endings clarifying the situation. My point is that Judas’ misunderstandings serve the author’s purposes very well. Making Judas the willing but ignorant disciple who needs to be instructed provides opportunities for Jesus to instruct readers about his true teaching. In the end, the author follows the well-known gospel plot and has Judas hand Jesus over, but just as the readers of the Gospel of Mark know that Jesus has risen from the dead as he foretold, so too readers of the Gospel of Judas know that Jesus has ascended above and that they too can ascend to the heavenly realms if they accept the teachings of Jesus about the true God and turn away from idolatry and sacrifice to false gods.

Q. Some other scholars say that the Gospel of Judas was written by Gnostics, a known group of early Christian heretics. In Reading Judas, you do not talk about the writer as a Gnostic or a heretic. How did you decide not to use those words in talking about the newly discovered gospel?

A. In my book What is Gnosticism? I argue at length that the term “Gnosticism” is a late invention that has more to do with keeping the boundaries of orthodoxy in place than with describing the history of early Christian controversies. Indeed just listing the ways in which the Gospel of Judas is “heresy” from the viewpoint of triumphant “orthodoxy” only repeats what we already know—that it was on the side of those who lost the battle to define Christianity. But avoiding the terms “Gnostic” or “heretic” can help readers imaginatively place themselves back in the time when Christians were dying for God and issues about martyrdom, idolatry, and sacrifice were hot topics of debate. These early Christians were struggling to understand why God allowed Jesus to die, and why even after his resurrection believers continue to be persecuted. We lose our perspective on these issues if we don’t first try to understand this gospel in its historical context before we evaluate its theological value or lack of value.

Q. You talk about being disturbed by the anger, homophobia, and anti-Judaism of the Gospel of Judas. Did coming to understand the position of the Gospel of Judas give you any new ways of thinking about these continuing problems in the present day?

A. I think the Gospel of Judas helped me understand better how the violence, persecution, and oppression that is perpetrated against a group has consequences for relationships within the group itself. How do those who suffer persecution and oppression avoid giving that violence a place within their thinking and practice—or can they? I think the Gospel of Judas is both an example of how anger can be turned inward and directed toward other members of one’s group and also an attempt to stand against such violence, even if it is ultimately a deeply flawed attempt. But perhaps most important, the gospel exposes how Christian theology was forged in fundamental ways in a context of violence and persecution. That gives me pause.

Q. You talk about the modern significance of the Gospel of Judas in terms of religious violence. In the Roman empire, Christians were being killed by the government because of their religion. Modern religious violence often looks quite different, in clashes of different religious groups within and between states. What connections do you see between the religious violence to which Judas responds and the violence that is so widespread in the world today? What can we learn about our present situation from reading this ancient book?

Q. Reading Judas has debuted as a bestseller. How do you account for the popularity of this book? Why do you think the reading public has such an appetite for books about the first centuries of Christianity?

Q. What are the next projects you are working on?

DISCUSSION QUESTIONS

Pagels and King say that reading the Gospel of Judas helps to show how much disagreement there was in the early Christian church. In your opinion, was there more, or less disagreement among Christians compared with the situation today? Are people arguing today about the same issues as in the early church, or are they different?

In the Gospel of Judas, the criticism of other Christians gets so strong that perhaps they two sides could never have been reconciled. What do you think was said in the Gospel of Judas that could not be forgiven? Can you imagine what other people might have said to the author of the Gospel of Judas that the gospel was then responding to? What situations can you think of in your life where people’s beliefs are so strong and so opposed that they cannot be reconciled?

The Gospel of Judas was probably written in response to a situation where Christians were in danger of being persecuted or even killed by the Roman government. Can you think of any situations in the world where people are in danger because of their beliefs, and anywhere they strike back in anger or even with violence? What insight does theGospel of Judas give you into this sort of mindset? Discuss the possible positive as well as negative aspects of such an angry point of view.

The hopeful message of the Gospel of Judas might come from its statement that the souls of the faithful will always live on in peace after death. How exactly does the Gospel of Judas talk about the soul? Do you recognize their understanding of the soul and body as being similar to yours? Does it help you to think about the life of the soul when you are going through a difficult time? Do you think that people who feared persecution might have special reasons to think about the salvation of their souls instead of their bodies? What problems might there be in placing your hope in the soul instead of the body?

The Gospel of Judas says that through Eve all of humanity will find life. This is a different story of Adam and Eve from the one you get in many other Christian texts. Do you think this story of Adam and Eve can be reconciled with the story in the book of Genesis? Where is it different, and where is it in agreement? How might it be helpful to understand the book of Genesis through the story in the Gospel of Judas?

The Gospel of Judas is not in the Christian canon. Pagels and King say that they do not believe that it should be. What is their argument against putting this gospel in the canon? What do you think about Christians adding the Gospel of Judas to the canon? What would change about Christianity, for better or worse, if they did?

If you are a member of a Christian church, how would you suggest that the Gospel of Judas be used in your community, if at all? If you are a member of a non-Christian religious community, do you think your community could use the Gospel of Judas?

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Elaine Pagels is the Harrington Spear Paine Foundation Professor of Religion at Princeton University. She is the author of several books, including Reading Judas: The Gospel of Judas and the Shaping of Christianity, the New York Times bestseller Beyond Belief: The Secret Gospel of Thomas, and The Gnostic Gospels, winner of the National Book Critics Circle Award and the National Book Award. Professor Pagels lives in Princeton, New Jersey.

Karen L. King is an American academic specializing in Gnosticism and early Christianity. She was the Winn Professor of Ecclesiastical History at Harvard Divinity School from 1998 to 2008, and succeeded Harvey Cox in 2009 to become the first woman appointed to that school’s distinguished Hollis Chair, the oldest endowed chair in the United States.\"}]",{"_266":267,"_268":4724,"_255":4812},{"_266":267,"_268":307,"_255":4727},{"_266":267,"_268":4805,"_255":4903},"[{\"Key\":\"ebookEAN\",\"Value\":\"9781101202135\"}]",{"_266":267,"_268":303,"_255":4729},{"_266":267,"_268":4796,"_255":4906},"[\"Awards\",\"Best Books of the Year\",\"Best Books of the Year 2007\",\"Washington Post Best Books of 2007\",\"Washington Post Best Religion Books of 2007 \",\"Paperback\",\"Nonfiction\",\"Print Books\",\"Books\",\"Bibles & Christianity\",\"Bibles & Bible Studies\",\"Apocrypha \",\"Religion\",\"Christianity \",\"History of Christianity \",\"General & Miscellaneous Church History \",\"Biblical Figures - Bible Studies 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The instant New York Times bestseller interpreting the controversial long-lost gospel

ABOUT THE AUTHORS

A. Over the last centuries, more than thirty early Christian writings have been found that were previously unknown. Many of these were uncovered in one sensational discovery near the town of Nag Hammadi in 1945, but others continue to come to light. Not only the Gospel of Judas and the other works in the Tchachos Codex, but an unknown gospel called the Gospel of the Savior was published only recently. Given these fortuitous finds, we can almost surely expect that other early Christian writings are yet to be discovered.

Q. Though people knew this gospel existed, no one really knew what it said. Is there anything in it that particularly surprised you?

Q. Do you have a favorite passage from the Gospel of Judas? Which one, and why?

A. There is much in this gospel that I dislike rather heartily—its violence, anti-Judaism, and homophobia. But I do like the way it interprets the name of Eve, which translates into Greek as Zoe, and in both Greek and Hebrew means “life.” In the Gospel of Judas 13.1¬–4, Jesus teaches Judas that the lower creator said to his angels: “ ‘Let us create a human being [ac]cording to the likeness and according to the image.’ Then they formed Adam and his wife, Eve. But in the cloud, she was called ‘Zoe’ (‘Life’). For in this name all the races shall seek after it (life).” The translators of the National Geographic version interpret the passage differently, claiming that by Eve’s name “all the generations seek him (Adam).” This makes no sense to me—why would anyone seek Adam with Eve’s name? Rather it is life that they are seeking, and for the Gospel of Judas this higher life of the spirit is represented by the figure of Eve. Although unfamiliar to many readers, this interpretation is not at all unique. It is very close to interpretations of Genesis found in other early Christian literature, like the Secret Revelation of John or theHypostasis of the Archons (a revelation ascribed to Eve’s daughter Norea), in which Eve is portrayed as the spiritual mother of the living and superior to Adam. These stories let us see that the reading of Genesis that blames Eve—and women generally—for all human suffering and death was not the only meaning that early Christians saw in the creation story. They could also regard her role as “mother of the living” to be primary.

A. History is always told from the perspective of the winners. Recovering alternative voices that were lost can restore a deeper understanding of the tradition we have by showing the paths that were not taken. In the case of the Gospel of Judas, we learn that some Christians strongly objected to the idea that God desired the death of his son and his followers as a sacrifice. In the end they lost out, and the developing orthodoxies came to center more and more on a theology of sin, guilt, and atonement. I don’t think we should abandon that part of the Christian heritage, but I think it needs to be significantly critiqued and balanced by other modes of Christian theology also found in the Bible. The new gospels have the potential to let us hear the many voices already within the canonical tradition: a renewed emphasis on the teachings of Jesus; prophetic proclamation of justice and the kingdom of God; appreciation for the fact that all humanity is created in the image of God; theologies that stress that the human body is the site of God’s presence in the world; and wisdom theology which asks believers to take a stand at the resurrection in emphasizing life and goodness. All these and more can be found inside the tradition once one begins to look.

A. The Gospel of Judas is struggling with some very difficult issues, and its author is very angry. In trying to oppose the views of bishops who claimed the authority of the twelve apostles, the author attacks the disciples as idolaters. To do that he needs a figure inside the story who can convey Jesus’ true teaching—and the obvious choice is Judas. Yet Judas is at best an ambiguous figure; even in the Gospel of Judas he is the one who will hand Jesus over to his executioners. That conclusion to the story alone is enough to make readers ask if Judas is really being portrayed as the hero of the gospel. And there are other places as well where Judas doesn’t seem to understand Jesus’ teaching, Jesus himself laughs at him and tells him that his star is leading him astray, and Judas is repeatedly told that he will suffer. The damaged condition of the manuscript doesn’t help either, since crucial passages are missing. One piece of grammar in particular is difficult, an odd construction of a verb that could be translated either as Judas asking Jesus “What benefit have I received because you separated me for that (heavenly) race?” or “because you separated me from that (heavenly) race?” (GosJudas 9:26). According to the second reading, Judas never makes it to eternal life in the heavenly realms at all. I have two basic problems with this reading. The first is that it means no one is ever saved; Jesus apparently comes down merely to mock everyone. Who would write such a gospel, and why would it be translated and preserved for at least three centuries? The second problem is that many Christian texts portray the disciples as not understanding, so there is nothing odd about Judas being portrayed that way. The best example is the Gospel of Mark, which scholars believe originally ended at 16:8 “They (the women who discovered the empty tomb) went out and fled from the tomb; for trembling and astonishment had come upon them; and they said nothing to any one, for they were afraid.” Later scribes “fixed” this astonishing conclusion by attaching various endings clarifying the situation. My point is that Judas’ misunderstandings serve the author’s purposes very well. Making Judas the willing but ignorant disciple who needs to be instructed provides opportunities for Jesus to instruct readers about his true teaching. In the end, the author follows the well-known gospel plot and has Judas hand Jesus over, but just as the readers of the Gospel of Mark know that Jesus has risen from the dead as he foretold, so too readers of the Gospel of Judas know that Jesus has ascended above and that they too can ascend to the heavenly realms if they accept the teachings of Jesus about the true God and turn away from idolatry and sacrifice to false gods.

A. I think the Gospel of Judas helped me understand better how the violence, persecution, and oppression that is perpetrated against a group has consequences for relationships within the group itself. How do those who suffer persecution and oppression avoid giving that violence a place within their thinking and practice—or can they? I think the Gospel of Judas is both an example of how anger can be turned inward and directed toward other members of one’s group and also an attempt to stand against such violence, even if it is ultimately a deeply flawed attempt. But perhaps most important, the gospel exposes how Christian theology was forged in fundamental ways in a context of violence and persecution. That gives me pause.

Q. What are the next projects you are working on?

DISCUSSION QUESTIONS

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Karen L. King is an American academic specializing in Gnosticism and early Christianity. She was the Winn Professor of Ecclesiastical History at Harvard Divinity School from 1998 to 2008, and succeeded Harvey Cox in 2009 to become the first woman appointed to that school’s distinguished Hollis Chair, the oldest endowed chair in the United States.\"}]",{"_266":267,"_268":4724,"_255":4982},{"_266":267,"_268":307,"_255":361},{"_266":267,"_268":4805,"_255":5060},"[{\"Key\":\"digAudioCreditSub\",\"Value\":\"2940172132742\"}]",{"_266":267,"_268":303,"_255":4729},{"_266":267,"_268":4794,"_255":3951},{"_266":267,"_268":4796,"_255":5064},"[\"Awards\",\"Best Books of the Year\",\"Best Books of the Year 2007\",\"Washington Post Best Books of 2007\",\"Washington Post Best Religion Books of 2007 \",\"Audiobooks\",\"Nonfiction\",\"Books\",\"Bibles & Christianity\",\"Bibles & Bible Studies\",\"Apocrypha \",\"Religion\",\"Christianity \",\"History of Christianity \",\"General & Miscellaneous Church History \",\"Biblical Figures - Bible Studies \"]",{"_266":267,"_268":4799,"_255":5066},"[{\"categoryId\":\"2864486\",\"displayName\":\"Awards\",\"displayWeight\":200,\"typeId\":128,\"isSignificant\":false},{\"categoryId\":\"2915780\",\"displayName\":\"Best Books of the Year\",\"displayWeight\":100,\"typeId\":129,\"isSignificant\":false},{\"categoryId\":\"1425643\",\"displayName\":\"Best Books of the Year 2007\",\"displayWeight\":100,\"typeId\":84,\"isSignificant\":false},{\"categoryId\":\"1429234\",\"displayName\":\"Washington Post Best Books of 2007\",\"displayWeight\":100,\"typeId\":85,\"isSignificant\":false},{\"categoryId\":\"1429249\",\"displayName\":\"Washington Post Best Religion Books of 2007 \",\"displayWeight\":140,\"typeId\":86,\"isSignificant\":false},{\"categoryId\":\"3544023\",\"displayName\":\"Audiobooks\",\"displayWeight\":200,\"typeId\":128,\"isSignificant\":false},{\"categoryId\":\"3635767\",\"displayName\":\"Nonfiction\",\"displayWeight\":200,\"typeId\":128,\"isSignificant\":false},{\"categoryId\":\"2796683\",\"displayName\":\"Books\",\"displayWeight\":200,\"typeId\":128,\"isSignificant\":false},{\"categoryId\":\"2816021\",\"displayName\":\"Bibles & Christianity\",\"displayWeight\":200,\"typeId\":128,\"isSignificant\":false},{\"categoryId\":\"830597\",\"displayName\":\"Bibles & Bible Studies\",\"displayWeight\":170,\"typeId\":11,\"isSignificant\":false},{\"categoryId\":\"394488\",\"displayName\":\"Apocrypha \",\"displayWeight\":160,\"typeId\":12,\"isSignificant\":false},{\"categoryId\":\"2816047\",\"displayName\":\"Religion\",\"displayWeight\":200,\"typeId\":128,\"isSignificant\":false},{\"categoryId\":\"914293\",\"displayName\":\"Christianity \",\"displayWeight\":180,\"typeId\":24,\"isSignificant\":false},{\"categoryId\":\"930587\",\"displayName\":\"History of Christianity \",\"displayWeight\":170,\"typeId\":11,\"isSignificant\":false},{\"categoryId\":\"930592\",\"displayName\":\"General & Miscellaneous Church History \",\"displayWeight\":160,\"typeId\":12,\"isSignificant\":true},{\"categoryId\":\"684489\",\"displayName\":\"Biblical Figures - Bible Studies \",\"displayWeight\":160,\"typeId\":12,\"isSignificant\":false}]",{"_266":267,"_268":364,"_255":365},{"_266":267,"_268":5069,"_255":5070},"deviceIds","[125,126,127,128,129,130,131,132,133,134,135,136,137,140,145,148,149,150,151,152]",{"_266":267,"_268":5072,"_255":5073},"mediaLinks","[{\"type\":\"Digital Audiobook Sample\",\"typeId\":27,\"itemId\":81585678,\"displayOrder\":1.0,\"linkTitle\":\"\",\"stem\":\"https://samples.findawayworld.com/\",\"address\":\"41095/41095_sample.mp3\"}]",{"_266":267,"_268":4730,"_255":5025},{"_266":267,"_268":4733,"_255":4735},{"_4808":5077},{"_37":5078,"_79":4660,"_4661":4811,"_210":5079,"_214":5080,"_212":4814,"_4666":4667,"_4668":4667,"_4670":5081,"_208":209,"_223":5082,"_232":5086,"_4682":5089,"_4690":5096,"_4697":5102,"_4714":5113,"_4721":5119,"_4557":5120,"_4724":5121,"_307":5122,"_303":5123,"_4730":5124,"_4733":5126,"_4736":-5,"_4737":5127,"_273":-5,"_4740":5128,"_57":-5,"_63":-5,"_4741":-5,"_4742":5129,"_4743":-5,"_284":5130,"_4631":5131,"_4747":-5,"_4748":-5,"_259":-5,"_4749":5132,"_4752":-5,"_4755":-5,"_4756":-5,"_299":5133,"_4759":-5,"_4760":5134,"_4762":5135,"_4765":5137,"_4767":5139,"_4772":-5,"_4773":5141,"_4777":-5,"_262":5143},"gid://shopify/Product/9284876337392","9781101202135","The instant New York Times bestseller interpreting the controversial long-lost gospel

The recently unearthed Gospel of Judas is a source of fascination for biblical scholars and lay Christians alike. Now two leading experts on the Gnostic gospels tackle the important questions posed by its discovery, including: How could any Christian imagine Judas to be Jesus' favorite? And what kind of vision of God does the author offer? Working from Karen L. King's brilliant new translation, Elaine Pagels and King provide the context necessary for considering its meaning. Reading Judas plunges into the heart of Christianity itself and will stand as the definitive look at the gospel for years to come.",[4672,4673],{"_225":5083,"_236":5085},{"_227":5084,"_229":230},"4.99",{"_227":5084,"_229":230},{"_225":5087,"_236":5088},{"_227":235,"_229":230},{"_227":235,"_229":230},{"_240":5090},[5091],{"_37":5092,"_61":5093,"_222":-5,"_63":5094,"_57":5095},"gid://shopify/ProductImage/47797273592048","https://cdn.shopify.com/s/files/1/0737/7593/9824/files/55659388.jpg?v=1744675518",450,600,{"_240":5097},[5098],{"_37":5099,"_193":5100},"gid://shopify/MediaImage/39318670082288",{"_37":5101,"_61":5093,"_222":-5,"_63":5094,"_57":5095},"gid://shopify/ImageSource/39339510333680",[5103],{"_253":254,"_4700":5104},[5105],{"_253":256,"_4703":5106,"_4713":-5},{"_231":122,"_244":-5,"_37":5107,"_193":5108,"_246":5109,"_248":5110,"_250":5111,"_257":5079,"_79":256,"_258":-5,"_4712":8},"gid://shopify/ProductVariant/47120400777456",{"_204":4707,"_37":5092,"_61":5093,"_222":-5,"_63":5094,"_57":5095},{"_227":5084,"_229":230},{"_79":4660,"_210":5079},[5112],{"_253":254,"_255":256},{"_231":122,"_244":-5,"_37":5107,"_193":5114,"_246":5115,"_248":5116,"_250":5117,"_257":5079,"_79":256,"_258":-5,"_4712":8},{"_204":4707,"_37":5092,"_61":5093,"_222":-5,"_63":5094,"_57":5095},{"_227":5084,"_229":230},{"_79":4660,"_210":5079},[5118],{"_253":254,"_255":256},[],{"_212":-5,"_79":-5},{"_255":5079},{"_255":209},{"_255":4729},{"_255":5125},"2007-03-06T05:00:00Z",{"_255":4735},{"_255":5028},{"_255":4865},{"_255":4873},{"_255":209},{"_255":4746},{"_255":4879},{"_255":4758},{"_255":4087},{"_255":5136},"EA",{"_255":5138},"ER",{"_4769":4770,"_255":5140},"EP",{"_4769":4775,"_255":5142},"[{\"Key\":\"BrowseMinutes\",\"Value\":\"60\"},{\"Key\":\"DCVendorName\",\"Value\":\"PENGUIN GROUP (USA) KIRKWOOD -\"},{\"Key\":\"DigitalSampleCode\",\"Value\":\"Y\"},{\"Key\":\"eGiftStatusCode\",\"Value\":\"Y\"},{\"Key\":\"FileSize\",\"Value\":\"655373\"},{\"Key\":\"hasDRM\",\"Value\":\"1\"},{\"Key\":\"IngestionDCMerchNum\",\"Value\":\"57625\"},{\"Key\":\"isBrowsable\",\"Value\":\"1\"},{\"Key\":\"isEnhanced\",\"Value\":\"0\"},{\"Key\":\"isLoanable\",\"Value\":\"0\"},{\"Key\":\"LoanDays\",\"Value\":\"0\"},{\"Key\":\"MaxLoans\",\"Value\":\"0\"},{\"Key\":\"SampleEAN\",\"Value\":\"2981101202136\"},{\"Key\":\"SoldBy\",\"Value\":\"Penguin Group\"},{\"Key\":\"vendorId\",\"Value\":\"0025100086\"},{\"Key\":\"WebReadCode\",\"Value\":\"Y\"}]",[5144,5145,5146,5147,5148,5149,5151,5153,5155,5156,-5,-5,-5,-5,5157,5158,-5,-5,-5,5159,5161,-5,-5,-5,-5,5163,-5,-5,-5,5165,5166,-5,-5,-5],{"_266":267,"_268":299,"_255":4758},{"_266":267,"_268":4760,"_255":4087},{"_266":267,"_268":269,"_255":4893},{"_266":267,"_268":281,"_255":209},{"_266":267,"_268":284,"_255":209},{"_266":267,"_268":287,"_255":5150},"Penguin Group",{"_266":267,"_268":291,"_255":5152},"277",{"_266":267,"_268":295,"_255":5154},"[{\"id\":\"42992303T\",\"type\":\"Reading Group Guide\",\"linkText\":\"Reading Group Guide\",\"typeId\":\"1021\",\"abbr\":\"RGG\",\"maxToDisplay\":\"1\",\"displayOrder\":\"1\",\"text\":\"INTRODUCTION
The earliest accounts of the betrayal of Jesus are tantalizingly spare. The Gospel of Mark narrates that Judas “went to the chief priests in order to betray him,” but why would Judas do that, and who was this person who turned Jesus over to the authorities? Starting from these earliest accounts, the authors of new gospels, letters, and revelations wrote and rewrote the story of Judas Iscariot, the betrayer of Jesus. The Gospel of Judas, recently discovered in the desert but dating from the first centuries of Christianity, adds a striking new voice to this collection. In this gospel, Jesus imparts his true teaching to Judas, and he instructs Judas to hand him over. For the Christians who read this gospel, it was Judas Iscariot who passed down to them the Christian message. As Elaine Pagels and Karen L. King explain, the Gospel of Judas does not tell us who Judas really was. Instead, the lost gospel helps us to see how Christians have always been reading Judas, retelling the story of the betrayal in different ways for different reasons.

ABOUT THE AUTHORS

A. Over the last centuries, more than thirty early Christian writings have been found that were previously unknown. Many of these were uncovered in one sensational discovery near the town of Nag Hammadi in 1945, but others continue to come to light. Not only the Gospel of Judas and the other works in the Tchachos Codex, but an unknown gospel called the Gospel of the Savior was published only recently. Given these fortuitous finds, we can almost surely expect that other early Christian writings are yet to be discovered.

Q. Though people knew this gospel existed, no one really knew what it said. Is there anything in it that particularly surprised you?

Q. Do you have a favorite passage from the Gospel of Judas? Which one, and why?

A. There is much in this gospel that I dislike rather heartily—its violence, anti-Judaism, and homophobia. But I do like the way it interprets the name of Eve, which translates into Greek as Zoe, and in both Greek and Hebrew means “life.” In the Gospel of Judas 13.1¬–4, Jesus teaches Judas that the lower creator said to his angels: “ ‘Let us create a human being [ac]cording to the likeness and according to the image.’ Then they formed Adam and his wife, Eve. But in the cloud, she was called ‘Zoe’ (‘Life’). For in this name all the races shall seek after it (life).” The translators of the National Geographic version interpret the passage differently, claiming that by Eve’s name “all the generations seek him (Adam).” This makes no sense to me—why would anyone seek Adam with Eve’s name? Rather it is life that they are seeking, and for the Gospel of Judas this higher life of the spirit is represented by the figure of Eve. Although unfamiliar to many readers, this interpretation is not at all unique. It is very close to interpretations of Genesis found in other early Christian literature, like the Secret Revelation of John or theHypostasis of the Archons (a revelation ascribed to Eve’s daughter Norea), in which Eve is portrayed as the spiritual mother of the living and superior to Adam. These stories let us see that the reading of Genesis that blames Eve—and women generally—for all human suffering and death was not the only meaning that early Christians saw in the creation story. They could also regard her role as “mother of the living” to be primary.

A. History is always told from the perspective of the winners. Recovering alternative voices that were lost can restore a deeper understanding of the tradition we have by showing the paths that were not taken. In the case of the Gospel of Judas, we learn that some Christians strongly objected to the idea that God desired the death of his son and his followers as a sacrifice. In the end they lost out, and the developing orthodoxies came to center more and more on a theology of sin, guilt, and atonement. I don’t think we should abandon that part of the Christian heritage, but I think it needs to be significantly critiqued and balanced by other modes of Christian theology also found in the Bible. The new gospels have the potential to let us hear the many voices already within the canonical tradition: a renewed emphasis on the teachings of Jesus; prophetic proclamation of justice and the kingdom of God; appreciation for the fact that all humanity is created in the image of God; theologies that stress that the human body is the site of God’s presence in the world; and wisdom theology which asks believers to take a stand at the resurrection in emphasizing life and goodness. All these and more can be found inside the tradition once one begins to look.

A. The Gospel of Judas is struggling with some very difficult issues, and its author is very angry. In trying to oppose the views of bishops who claimed the authority of the twelve apostles, the author attacks the disciples as idolaters. To do that he needs a figure inside the story who can convey Jesus’ true teaching—and the obvious choice is Judas. Yet Judas is at best an ambiguous figure; even in the Gospel of Judas he is the one who will hand Jesus over to his executioners. That conclusion to the story alone is enough to make readers ask if Judas is really being portrayed as the hero of the gospel. And there are other places as well where Judas doesn’t seem to understand Jesus’ teaching, Jesus himself laughs at him and tells him that his star is leading him astray, and Judas is repeatedly told that he will suffer. The damaged condition of the manuscript doesn’t help either, since crucial passages are missing. One piece of grammar in particular is difficult, an odd construction of a verb that could be translated either as Judas asking Jesus “What benefit have I received because you separated me for that (heavenly) race?” or “because you separated me from that (heavenly) race?” (GosJudas 9:26). According to the second reading, Judas never makes it to eternal life in the heavenly realms at all. I have two basic problems with this reading. The first is that it means no one is ever saved; Jesus apparently comes down merely to mock everyone. Who would write such a gospel, and why would it be translated and preserved for at least three centuries? The second problem is that many Christian texts portray the disciples as not understanding, so there is nothing odd about Judas being portrayed that way. The best example is the Gospel of Mark, which scholars believe originally ended at 16:8 “They (the women who discovered the empty tomb) went out and fled from the tomb; for trembling and astonishment had come upon them; and they said nothing to any one, for they were afraid.” Later scribes “fixed” this astonishing conclusion by attaching various endings clarifying the situation. My point is that Judas’ misunderstandings serve the author’s purposes very well. Making Judas the willing but ignorant disciple who needs to be instructed provides opportunities for Jesus to instruct readers about his true teaching. In the end, the author follows the well-known gospel plot and has Judas hand Jesus over, but just as the readers of the Gospel of Mark know that Jesus has risen from the dead as he foretold, so too readers of the Gospel of Judas know that Jesus has ascended above and that they too can ascend to the heavenly realms if they accept the teachings of Jesus about the true God and turn away from idolatry and sacrifice to false gods.

A. I think the Gospel of Judas helped me understand better how the violence, persecution, and oppression that is perpetrated against a group has consequences for relationships within the group itself. How do those who suffer persecution and oppression avoid giving that violence a place within their thinking and practice—or can they? I think the Gospel of Judas is both an example of how anger can be turned inward and directed toward other members of one’s group and also an attempt to stand against such violence, even if it is ultimately a deeply flawed attempt. But perhaps most important, the gospel exposes how Christian theology was forged in fundamental ways in a context of violence and persecution. That gives me pause.

Q. What are the next projects you are working on?

DISCUSSION QUESTIONS

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Karen L. King is an American academic specializing in Gnosticism and early Christianity. She was the Winn Professor of Ecclesiastical History at Harvard Divinity School from 1998 to 2008, and succeeded Harvey Cox in 2009 to become the first woman appointed to that school’s distinguished Hollis Chair, the oldest endowed chair in the United States.\"},{\"id\":\"5914859T\",\"type\":\"Fatbrain Author Description\",\"linkText\":\"Author Description\",\"typeId\":\"1102\",\"abbr\":\"FBA\",\"maxToDisplay\":\"1\",\"displayOrder\":\"2\",\"text\":\"

Karen L. King is an American academic specializing in Gnosticism and early Christianity. 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The instant New York Times bestseller interpreting the controversial long-lost gospel

The recently unearthed Gospel of Judas is a source of fascination for biblical scholars and lay Christians alike. Now two leading experts on the Gnostic gospels tackle the important questions posed by its discovery, including: How could any Christian imagine Judas to be Jesus' favorite? And what kind of vision of God does the author offer? Working from Karen L. King's brilliant new translation, Elaine Pagels and King provide the context necessary for considering its meaning. Reading Judas plunges into the heart of Christianity itself and will stand as the definitive look at the gospel for years to come.\"}]",{"_266":267,"_268":4724,"_255":5171},{"_266":267,"_268":307,"_255":361},{"_266":267,"_268":4805,"_255":5244},"[{\"Key\":\"digAudioRetail\",\"Value\":\"2940169176643\"}]",{"_266":267,"_268":303,"_255":4729},{"_266":267,"_268":4794,"_255":3951},{"_266":267,"_268":4796,"_255":5064},{"_266":267,"_268":4799,"_255":5249},"[{\"categoryId\":\"2864486\",\"displayName\":\"Awards\",\"displayWeight\":200,\"typeId\":128,\"isSignificant\":false},{\"categoryId\":\"2915780\",\"displayName\":\"Best Books of the Year\",\"displayWeight\":100,\"typeId\":129,\"isSignificant\":false},{\"categoryId\":\"1425643\",\"displayName\":\"Best Books of the Year 2007\",\"displayWeight\":100,\"typeId\":84,\"isSignificant\":false},{\"categoryId\":\"1429234\",\"displayName\":\"Washington Post Best Books of 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Reading Judas: The Gospel of Judas and the Shaping of Christianity

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